我国侵权责任能力制度的证成与完善--以民法典编纂为背景

Justifying and Improving the Tort Liability System in China: In the Background of Compiling the Civil Law

责任能力于私法主体不可或缺,既为构成完整人格之必要构成部分,也有弥补过错判断标准客观化不足、简化过错判断和保护无意思能力人之实益。立法应对责任能力予以明确规定,并正视我国现行侵权责任能力制度存在的问题。一方面,我国的责任能力判断过度依赖财产标准;另一方面,我国的责任能力制度未能平衡行为人、监护人和受害人三者利益,导致行为人可能承担比公平责任更重的责任。我国民法典的侵权责任能力应当区分过错责任能力和公平责任能力,并在此基础上构建有中国特色的且符合法理的侵权责任能力制度。

Capacity for civil liability is indispensable to private la*w subject.It is the necessary components,and it also has real benefit in making up the deficiency of the objective criteria for fault judgment,simplifying the fault judgment and protecting persons with no capacity of will.Capacity for civil liability should be clearly defined by law and problems existing in our current tort liability should be faced squarely.On the one hand,we excessively depend on property liability capacity;on the other hand,China’s tort liability system fails to balance the interests among the victims,so the actors may bear more liability than in equitable liability.The tort liability of Chinese civil code should distinguish between capacity of fault liability and equitable liability,from which we construct a tort liability system with Chinese characteristics and in accordance with legal theory.