长期施肥对双季稻区水稻植株养分积累与转运的影响

Effects of Different Long-term Fertilization Managements on Nutrition Accumulation and Translocation of Rice Plant in Double Cropping Paddy Field

长期施肥是影响稻田土壤理化特性,进而影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生长发育的重要农艺措施。研究不同施肥模式对双季稻区水稻植株干物质和养分积累与分配的影响,对于选择养分高效利用施肥模式具有重要的实际意义。以湖南宁乡长期大田定位试验为平台,应用常规实验分析方法系统分析了定位长达31年化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+化肥(LOM)、60%有机肥+化肥(HOM)和无肥对照(CK)5种施肥处理对水稻各部位干物质和氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响。结果表明,早稻和晚稻成熟期,各施肥处理水稻植株各部位的干物质积累量、茎和叶物质转运率及茎叶物质贡献率均高于CK处理;植株抽穗后物质同化贡献率均高于CK处理,其大小顺序表现为RF>HOM>LOM>MF>CK。早稻成熟期,HOM处理茎、叶、穗和地上部分氮、磷和钾素积累量均显著高于MF和CK处理(P<0.05),其中氮素积累量分别比CK处理增加了11.61、14.38、45.20和71.19 kg·hm^(-2);磷素积累量分别比CK处理增加了2.42、1.64、13.83和17.89 kg·hm^(-2);钾素积累量分别比CK处理增加了35.34、9.78、15.12和60.24 kg·hm^(-2)。晚稻成熟期,RF处理茎、叶氮素积累量均显著高于LOM和CK处理(P<0.05),分别比CK处理增加了6.91 kg·hm^(-2)和9.38 kg·hm^(-2);HOM处理茎、叶、穗和地上部分的磷和钾素积累量均显著高于MF、RF、LOM和CK处理(P<0.05),磷素积累量分别比CK处理增加了2.55、1.39、10.56和14.50 kg·hm^(-2);钾素积累量分别比CK处理增加了43.84、7.35、7.77和58.96 kg·hm^(-2)。总体而言,长期施肥均增加了水稻各部位干物质和养分积累并促进养分向穗部转运,其中以秸秆还田、有机肥配施化肥措施最有利于提高水稻群体干物质和养分积累与转运。

Long-term fertilization is an important agronomic management that affects the physical and chemical properties of paddy soil,and results in affecting the growth and development of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Therefore,the effects of different fertilizer regimes on dry matter accumulation and translocation of nutrient of rice plant,which the results has important practical significance for selecting better fertilizer regimes with higher nutrient efficient utilization.In China,few studies have investigated the influence of long-term chemical fertilizer,combined application of organic matter with chemical fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and translocation of nutrient of rice plant.Our objective was to explore the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation of nitrogen(N),phosphorous(P)and potassium(K)of early and late rice plant under different long-term fertilizer regimes in a double-cropping rice system.A long-term experiment was established in 1986 in Ningxiang county of Hunan Province,China,and five different fertilization treatments were applied:(1)Without fertilizer input(CK);(2)Mineral fertilizer alone(MF);(3)Rice straw residue and mineral fertilizer(RF);(4)30%organic matter and 70%mineral fertilizer(LOM);And(5)60%organic matter and 40%mineral fertilizer(HOM).We analyzed the dry matter accumulation and translocation of nutrient of rice plant with the above five fertilization treatments by using conventional experimental analysis methods.The results showed that dry matter accumulation in different parts of rice plant,material translocation rate and material contribution rate of stem and leaves with MF,RF,LOM,HOM treatments were higher than that of the CK treatment at mature stages of early and late rice.Meanwhile,the contribution rate of material assimilation after heading stage with MF,RF,LOM,HOM treatments were higher than that of the CK treatment,and the contribution rate of material assimilation after heading stage with different fertilization treatments was RF>HOM>LOM>MF>CK at early and late rice mature stages,respectively.The N,P and K accumulation amount in stem,leaves,panicle and aboveground of rice plant with HOM treatment were higher than that of the MF and CK treatments at mature stage of early rice(P<0.05).Compared with the CK treatment,the N,P and K accumulation amount in stem,leaves,panicle and aboveground of rice plant with HOM treatment increased 11.61,14.38,45.20,71.19 kg·hm-2,2.42,1.64,13.83,17.89 kg·hm-2,and 35.34,9.78,15.12,60.24 kg·hm-2,respectively,at mature stage of early rice.Meanwhile,the N accumulation amount in stem and leaves of rice plant with RF treatment were higher than that of the LOM and CK treatments at mature stage of late rice(P<0.05).Compared with the CK treatment,the N accumulation amount in stem and leaves of rice plant with RF treatment increased 6.91 kg·hm-2 and 9.38 kg·hm-2,respectively,at mature stage of late rice.Meanwhile,the P and K accumulation amount in stem,leaves,panicle and aboveground of rice plant with HOM treatment were higher than that of the MF,RF,LOM and CK treatments at mature stage of late rice(P<0.05).Compared with the CK treatment,the P and K accumulation amount in stem,leaves,panicle and aboveground of rice plant with HOM treatment increased 2.55,1.39,10.56,14.50 kg·hm-2,and 43.84,7.35,7.77,58.96 kg·hm-2,respectively,at mature stage of late rice.Compared with the CK treatment,the amount of accumulation and translocation of dry matter in different parts of early and late rice plants were increased under long-term application of fertilization treatments.As a result,it is benefit to increase the dry matter accumulation,nutrients accumulation and translocation of rice plants with RF,LOM and HOM treatments.