德国长期护理保险制度运行及其启示

Operation and Enlightenment of the Long-term Care Insurance System in Germany

德国作为社会保险模式的典型国家,其护理保险制度建立较早,制度运行也比较成功。在人口老龄化大背景下,德国1994年通过了《长期护理保险法》并付诸实施。德国的长期护理保险制度依附于健康保险,制度实现了全民覆盖。待遇支付上,德国护理保险鼓励居家护理。研究认为,德国经验有以下四点值得中国借鉴:一是以社会护理保险为主,商业护理保险为辅;二是制度设计精良,细节考虑周全;三是注重发挥市场力量,培育长期护理市场;四是采取多项措施,解决护理人员短缺问题。

As a typical model of the countries which implement social insurance mode,Germany established social long-term care insurance system earlier than most other countries,and its system operates well.Under the background of aging population,Germany passed the Long-term Care Insurance Act in 1994 and then implemented it.The long-term care insurance system in Germany is affiliated to health insurance and covers nearly all Germans.German long-term care insurance prefers home care to institutional care.In all,the study concludes that:i)social long-term care insurance in Germany plays an important role in the long-term care for the elderly,and commercial insurance helps;ii)the German system is well designed,details being fully considered;iii)private institutions play an important role in long-term care market;iv)a great deal of measures are taken to solve the shortage of the long-term care human resources.