戏曲行业组织的现代转型:以晚清民国的汉口为考察中心

The Modern Transformation of Traditional Opera Industry: A Case Study of Hankou in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

戏曲的现代转型并不仅仅存在于题材内容和舞台表演等层面,同样也存在于行业组织层面,尽管当前学界对此关注甚少。若以汉口的戏曲行业组织为考察中心可以看到,晚清民国戏曲行业组织的变迁大致经历了三个阶段:中世纪行会性质阶段;中世纪行会性与现代性兼有的阶段;现代转型阶段。这个现代转型过程不但是戏曲艺人自我价值不断觉醒和重新认定的过程,也是商业资本在戏曲活动中的重要性增强的过程,更是现代民主、平权观念不断强化的过程。因此,从戏曲行业组织现代转型这个缩影可以看到,民主、平权、商业资本是戏曲现代蜕变的重要动因。

The modern transformation of operas not only exists in the subject matter and stage performance, but also exists in the indus,try organization, although the current academic circles pay little attention to it. If taking Hankou s drama industry organization as are,search center, we can see that the changes in the organization of the opera industry in the late Qing and the Republic of China have gone through three stages: the nature of the medieval guilds; the stage of medieval guilds and modernity; and the modern transformation stage. This modern transformation process is not only a process of continuous awakening and re-affirmation of the self-worth of tradi,tional opera artists, but also a process of increasing the importance of commercial capital in opera activities. It is also a process of con,tinuous enhancement of the concepts of modern democracy and power. Therefore, it can be seen from the epitome of the modern trans,formation of the drama industry organization that democracy, equal rights, and commercial capital are important motives for the modern transformation of drama.