皇家猎场中的生态危机——试论清代政治环境观在木兰围场的实践与影响

the Eco-crisis in the Royal Hunting Fields——The Practice and Impact of the Political Oriented Environmental Ideology of Qing Dynasty

木兰秋狝在一百余年中一直都是清代重要的国家仪式。作为这一盛大活动的举办地,木兰围场向来以水草丰美,兽群兴旺著称于世,有"塞外神皋"之美名。然而在清代后期,因为政治环境变化等因素,木兰秋狝不断停围,最终被废止。而一度水草丰美的木兰围场也面临着严重的环境危机,出现了从木植覆盖面积,到兽群数量的全面退化。探讨木兰围场在有清一代的定位、作用及其政治和生态衰败的原因,论证清代以政治需求为导向分配资源,无视当地自然承载力及生态持续性的政治环境观。

Qing history,Mulan hunting ceremony enjoyed an unparalleled significance among all national ritual activities.As the region where been selected to host this magnificent hunting game,Mulan Weichang was famous for the abundant animal resources and delightful landascapes.Nevertheless,both the frequency of ceremony and the environment of the hunting field underwent an obvious decline since the late Qianlong"s reign.At last,the ceremony was abolished in the first year of Daoguang"s reign,and the natural environment of Mulan Weichang was heavily demaged as well.This essay will try to explore the understanding of the political-environmental relationship of the Qing government from this case.Moreover,pointing out the politics oriented natural resources allocating ideology is the main origin of the local eco-crisis of Mulan weichang by reconstructing the role and function of Mulan Weichang within Qing history and the process of the politics and environmental decline of Mulan Weichang.