清代黑龙江医学发展简史

A Brief History of Medical Development in Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty

黑龙江省是多民族聚居地区,其医学内容包含了中医学、少数民族医学和巫医。清代初期由于战争和封禁政策的影响,黑龙江医学十分落后,缺少专门的医生,而萨满跳神和叫魂的巫术十分盛行,成为治疗疾病的主要形式。清代前期向黑龙江地区遣放犯人戍边垦荒,尤以宁古塔和卜奎的流人为多。这些流人为黑龙江带来了中医学,带动了黑龙江中医学的发展,使医学渐渐从医巫混淆的状态中走出来。19世纪末,黑龙江省开始出现教会医院,陆续兴办西医院和诊所。在伍连德防治肺鼠疫成功之后,西医在黑龙江省立稳了根基,并建立了公共卫生体系。

Heilongjiang province is a multi-ethnic inhabited district.Local medicine in Heilongjiang province includes Chinese Traditional Medicine,minority medicine and witchcraft.During the early stage of Qing Dynasty,because of war and closed-cloorism,medicine in Heilongjiang province was very backward and the amount of doctors was also very deficient.However,Saman dances and witchcraft soulstealers were quite prevailing,which became the main method for medical treatments.Several prisoners were banished by governors to Heilongjiang district,especially Ningguta and Bukui,for garrisoning the frontiers and opening up wasteland during the early stage of Qing Dynasty.Traditional Chinese Medicine was propagated by the exiles,which promoted medical progress of Heilongjiang province.Medicine gradually distinguished from witchcraft.In the nineteenth century,missionary hospital appeared in Heilongjiang,then western hospitals and clinics successively established.Since the achievement for controlling plague by Wu lien-teh,western medicine had established solid foundation and public health system had been also set up in Heilongjiang province.