程颐主敬论的内涵与特点——兼论其对先秦儒家“敬”思想的创新发展

The Connotation and Characteristic of ChengYi's Thought of Respectfulness——and on his innovation and development of the pre-Qin Confucian thought of respectfulness

先秦儒家思想中的"敬"是一种"对象性"的工夫,其活动指向特定的对象。二程特别是程颐自觉地对其进行了改造和创新,程颐将"敬"理解为一种"非对象性"的工夫,这种活动不指向任何对象,因此也不受到外在对象的制约。由此,人即便不与外物相接时,也能够"主敬","敬"成为一种具有独立意义的修身工夫。这种"非对象性"的敬甚至被视为具体情境中的恭敬之心之所以产生的根源。而"敬"的具体内涵乃是"主一",即一种内心醒觉、专注的状态,这种状态一方面不指向任何对象,所以能够克服思虑纷扰的问题;另一方面也不否定对象,不逃避外物,所以能够引发道德实践。而"主一"所达到的"一"其实正是"未发"的状态。

The concept of respectfulness of pre-Qin Confucianism is a kind of objective activity directing at specific objects.Cheng brothers,especially Cheng Yi,transformed and innovated this concept consciously.According to Cheng,respectfulness was a kind of non-objective activity that does not direct at anything,so it can get rid of restriction of objects.Therefore,someone can“zhujing”even if he dose not come in contact with external objects.Respectfulness has become a sort of activity of self-cultivation with independent value.This kind of respectfulness was even regarded as the root of specific respect.The specific connotation of respectfulness is“zhuyi”,and it is a state of keeping awake and staying focused.On the one hand,this state doesn't direct at anything,so people can overcome the problem of distraction.On the other hand,this state doesn't deny and escape external objects,so it can lead to moral practices.The state of“yi”which is the result of“zhuyi”is exactly“weifa”.