汉代伏羲、女娲图像研究

The Study on the Figures of Fuxi and Nüwa of the Han Dynasty

关于汉代伏羲、女蜗图像,目前仍是需要讨论的问题。清代冯云鹏、冯云鹓兄弟在其所著《金石索.石索》中对武氏祠画像上人首蛇身持规、矩而交尾的二神考论云:“王文考《鲁灵光殿赋》:‘伏羲鳞身,女娲蛇躯。’……彼图于殿,此刻于石,汉制一也”[1]。即认为此种神像为伏羲、女娲。后来,由于常任侠先生[2]及闻一多先生的精彩论述[3],学界逐渐将汉代画像中的此类人首蛇身图像认可为伏羲、女蜗。直到20世纪七八十年代才开始出现一些不同意见,主要是将其中怀抱或手托日、月的人首蛇身图像认定为羲和和常羲,而非伏羲、女娲[4]。近来也有学者欲跳出伏羲、女娲和羲和。

Referring to the inscribed pictorial materials and the relevant archaeological and textual materials,it can be confirmed that the deity figures with human heads and snake bodies and holding compass(for drawing circles)and carpenter's square or the sun and the moon in hands are that of Fuxi and Niiwa.The mainstream of Fuxi's figure is holding the sun and the moon,or holding the sun,the moon and compass and carpenter,s square,and Niiwa,s figure was also mainly holding the sun and the moon.The figures of Fuxi and Niiwa would have relationship with the sun and the moon,and their positions and combination were usually in the scenes of the tomb occupant ascending immortal or ascending to the paradise.During the Han Dynasty,the people saw the path of the sun and the moon going through the celestial sphere as the“Yellow Path(zodiac)”,or the“Heavenly Road”,the only approach for ascending to the paradise;then,Fuxi and Niiwa who held the sun and the moon were exactly the best signs and the guides to the Heavenly Road.