不同环境介质中污染物生态风险评价方法的国内研究进展

Research progress on ecological risk assessment methods of pollutants in different environmental media at domestic

污染物生态风险评价是近年来国内外一直关注的热点,已有国内外学者提出了多种生态风险评价的方法与模型,通过建立不同的指标对环境介质中污染物的生态风险进行评价,以期预测其不利的生态影响,也可以对过去某种因素导致的生态变化的可能性进行评估。回顾了生态风险评价的发展历程,归纳了水、沉积物和土壤中污染物的生态风险评价模型与方法,总结了风险熵法(RQ)、AQUATOX模型、物种敏感度分布曲线法(SSD)、地积累指数法(Igeo)、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定的生态风险等级,根据不同环境介质中的污染物类型及浓度选择适当的方法进行生态风险评价。今后应对不同环境介质中多种污染物共存时的生态风险评价给予更多关注,并丰富生态风险评价的方法体系,为确定更为恰当的不同类型污染物的生态风险评价方法提供参考。

Ecological risk assessment of pollutants has been a focus of attention at home and abroad in recent years.Domestic and foreign scholars have put forward various methods and models for ecological risk assessment.The purpose is to evaluate the ecological risk of pollutants in environmental media by establishing different indicators,hoping to predict their adverse ecological impacts,as well as assess the potential for ecological changes caused by a certain factor in the past.This paper reviews the development of ecological risk assessment,summarizes the ecological risk assessment models and methods about pollutants in water,sediment and soil,summarizes the Risk Quotient(RQ),AQUATOX model,Species Sensitivity Distribution(SSD),Index of Geoaccumulation(Igeo),Hakanson potential ecological risk index to determine the level of ecological risk.According to the types and concentrations of pollutants in different environmental media,the appropriate method should be selected for ecological risk assessment.In the future,more research should be conducted on the ecological risk assessment method for the coexistence of multiple pollutants under different environmental media,riching ecological risk assessment method system,and providing a more appropriate assessment method for the ecological risk of various pollutants.