试论孔子的君子学说

On the Confucian Theory of the Gentleman

孔学之"君子"是修为所成。君子修为的内容是"仁、礼、乐",展开逻辑是"以仁入礼达乐",由此开辟"修仁—循礼—达乐"路径和"学而"方法。君子修为的目标是"修德取位"和"以德正位":前者成己,总要求是"不器",因而必须坚守"用无不周"和"以道事君"原则。后者成人,基本方式是修己以敬、修己以安人、修己以安百姓,为之必须遵循"惟道义"、"不争"、"安分守己"和"公道"四大准则。成己成人不可间断的人生进路是"学而":学而修德,收获"恭宽信敏惠"五德;"学而"进业,具备"敬慕贤人、孝顺父母、忠诚事上、诚信朋友、节用而制欲、勤勉而慎言"六要。

The Confucian ideal“gentleman”is produced through practice.The content of the gentleman’s practice is“benevolence,propriety and happiness”,and the logic is that“thegentleman who is benevolent can have a good command of rites and reach a happy state”.This thinking mode opens up the path of“practicing the virtue of benevolence,following the rites and obtaining happiness”and creates the method of“study and practice”.The goals of the gentleman are“towin the position by cultivating his virtues”and“to rectify the position with his virtues.”The former goal means to fulfil one’s self,with the overall requirement of“becoming an allrounder”.Therefore,to achieve this goal,one must adhere to such principles as”being well versed in all areas”and“serving the monarch in the right way”.The latter goal means to help others succeed,of which the basic mode is tocarefully cultivate oneself for the take of others and of all people.For this purpose,one must obey the four codes of“worshiping morality and justice only”,“being free fromprofit-seeking”,“remaining in one’s proper sphere”and“being impartial”.Whether to fulfill one’s self or to help others succeed,onem ust keep to the approach of“study and practice”.In other words,study and practice what is virtuous,one can obtain the five virtues of“reverence,generosity,trust,agility and favor”;study and practice a career,one can acquirethe six key elements of“adoring sages,being obedient to one’s parents,faithfully serving one's superiors,being sincerewith one’s friends,being thrifty and self-controlled,being diligent andwatchful over words”.