从“要服”到华夏:秦人统一前后夷夏身份的转变与整合

Transformation and Integration of the Identities of Yi and Xia Nationalities before and after the Unification of China by the Qin State

秦人始为蛮夷,于五服中属"要服",为华夏与"荒服"两个文化阵营的居间群体,秦人因此具备夏戎文明的双重属性,并因此具有融入华夏的理论可能。获得周王室的册封后,秦在名义上成为华夏诸国之一,不过受自身历史传统影响,秦人对华夏文化缺少与生俱来的敬畏之心,反而对戎狄文化表现出强烈的趋同性,这种文化取向决定了秦文化的现实性与开放性特征,并为商鞅变法提供了政治平台和文化基础。简而言之,进入诸夏序列的秦国依然保持了自身的文化独特性,经此后长期的转变整合,成为汉文化的基础与渊源。

The originally barbarian Qin State belonged to Yaofu(要服,the fourth ring of 500-mile peripheral subordinate fiefs from the capital),which was the transitional zone between the two cultural systems of Huaxia(华夏)and the Hwangfu(荒服,the outermost subordinate fiefs of the five-ring concentric zone model around the Zhou Kingdom).Thus it had the cultural attributes of both sides and the theoretical possibility of integrating into the Huaxiaculture.Later,the Zhou royal family conferred noble titles onthe head of Qin,and it became a nominal member state within the Huaxiaculture.However,under their own historical influences,the Qin people demonstrated little reverence for this culture,but a strong inclination to identify themselves with thew estern barbarian tribal culture.This orientation underlay the realistic and open features of the Qin culture and provided the political platform and cultural foundation for Shang Yang's political reform.In short,Qin culture retained its own uniqueness in the process of integrating into Huaxia culture,which bacame the foundation and fountain of Chinese culture after long-term transformation.