波普尔对柏拉图“历史主义”的批判

An Analysis of Popper's Criticism to Plato's “Historicism”

波普尔在《开放社会及其敌人》中指出柏拉图是"历史主义"的第一人,其批判的逻辑是:柏拉图的理念论是历史主义的形而上学基础,其本质是一种方法论本质主义;柏拉图整体性的描述社会学是历史主义的方法论,其本质是理想主义和自然主义;柏拉图政治纲领里的极权主义思想则是历史主义哲学在政治领域的体现。本文认为,波普尔的批判在现实上是基于对法西斯极权主义和权威主义的战斗,在理论逻辑上是以现代性的自由和权利理念对古典的自然法权利的强暴,在方法论上是将应用于自然科学的证伪法同样应用于历史规律和个人。

In The Open Society and its Enemies,Popper points out that Plato was the first person to put forward an idea about“historicism”.The method which he uses to criticize Plato is to point out Plato’s theory of idea is the metaphysical basis for“historicism”,so in essence it is a kind of methodology of essence.Plato’s holistic descriptive sociology is the methodology of“historicism”and is also idealism and naturalism in essence.The totalitarian ideology in Plato’s political platform is the historical philosophy embodied in the field of politics.This essay argues that Popper’s criticism fights against fascist totalitarian and authoritarian in reality on one hand,and deprecates classical natural law right in term of theoretical logic by using modern concepts of freedom and rights on the other.And in methodology,he also applies falsification which has a direct bearing on natural science to historical law and personal life.