宋代士大夫的自我意识与身份认同:从苏轼诗歌说开去

Self-consciousness and Identity of the Scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty:Taking Su Shi's Poetry as the center of Discussion

宋代士大夫自我意识的高涨,尤以政局稳定、文化承平的北宋中后期为最。折射在诗歌中,即是诗中突出的自我意识。在宋诗代表人物梅尧臣、欧阳修、王安石、苏轼、黄庭坚等人笔下,诗中之"我"都占了相当大的比重。其中自我意识最强者当推苏轼。苏轼在诗歌世界中的自我构建所彰显出的自我意识之强,超乎当时后世的诸多诗人,是宋代士大夫的典型代表。苏轼自我意识高扬的突出表现,就是在他的诗歌文本中有大量标识自我身份的自称。诗歌自称是诗人"自我"在诗歌中的审美投射,在苏轼诗中表现为两种情况:一是诗歌自称与现实社会身份一致的情况下,苏轼作为性格丰富的地方官长和幽绝之地的幽囚之人所彰显的自我意识;二是苏轼诗歌自称与现实社会身份不一致的情况下,诗人对理想"自我"的构建、追寻、回归与超越。宋代以号自称的文化潮流,表现出士大夫以第三人称的"他者"视野完成自我的检视,从而追求社会的认同。与欧阳修、惠洪、杨万里、陆游等其他士大夫相比,苏轼在自我检视中有着深刻的反省意识,这在宋代士大夫身上是十分罕见的。

The scholar-officials in the Song dynasty had a high self-consciousness,especially so inSuShi’s poetry.There is muchself-appellation about self-identity inSuShi’s poems.The sef-identity in Su Shi’s poems is the aesthetic projection of his“ego”in poetry.There are mainly two forms of sef-ap-pellation.First is the sel--consciousness of Su Shi as both a local official and secluded prisoner in a se-cluded land in the identification of poeticl appellation with social identity.Second is Su Shiss construc-tion,pursuit,regression and transcendence of the ideal“ego”when the sef-appellation in Su Shi’s po-etries is inconsistent with thel social identity.The scholar-officials in the Song Dynasty started the cu--tural tide of self-appellation.Thus,they gained their self-consciousness through self-reflection from the philosophical perspective of“otherness”.Compared with Ouyang Xiu,Hui Hong,Yang Wanli,Lu You,and other scholar-officials,Su Shi had a strong sense of self-reflection,which was very unu-sual in the Song Dynasty.