孤独的映衬与共谋的反讽——论不可靠叙述的反讽效果

Solitude Reflection and Colluded Irony——Ironic Effect of Unreliable Narration

反讽是不可靠叙述产生的重要艺术效果之一,可以从审美和伦理两方面对其进行观照。依据文本反讽指向的不同,不可靠叙述的反讽效果主要呈现为两大类型:一类为指向文本中人物和社会情境的反讽,此类反讽多表现为天真叙述和白痴叙述,儿童或白痴叙述者的认知缺陷虽然会遮蔽他们对现实世界真实境况的认识,但却往往以镜像的方式映衬出叙述者周遭其他人物和社会环境的种种乱象,从而形成反讽;另一类为指向叙述者的反讽,无论是有清晰文本标识的显在型反讽,还是需要细致进行文本辨析的隐在型反讽,叙述者所拥有的价值规范为作为"作者的第二自我"的隐含作者所否定,由此,作者与读者"共谋"所体现的共享的价值规范与叙述者所秉持的价值规范形成鲜明的对比,从而形成对于叙述者的反讽。不可靠叙述的反讽效果强化了读者与作者之间的交流,丰富了反讽的审美效果,呼唤读者参与到文本意义的建构中来。

Irony,an artistic effect caused by unreliable narration,can be explored from two aspects:aesthetics and ethics.There are mainly two types of ironic effect depending on irony objects.One kind of objects is the figures and social conditions in the text,and the irony primarily originates from naive and idiotic narration.Because of their cognitive deficiency,the narrators,like children or idiots,are unable to understand the real world,but can mirror the disordered world around them.Another kind of objects(of both the explicit and implicit irony)is the narrators,whose value is denied by the implied author,the second self of the author.In this situation,there is a contrast between the value of the writer&the reader and the narrator.The artistic effect caused by unreliable narration can strengthen the exchange between the author and the reader,which enriches the aesthetic effect of irony and get the reader involved in constructing the meaning of the text.