权利义务本位与代际正义论证范式研究

The Standard of Right and Obligation and the Paradigm of Intergenerational Justice Demonstration

代际正义研究发轫于20世纪70年代罗尔斯《正义论》的问世,随后引发国内外学者广泛关注,研究议题涉及经济政治社会乃至生命科学领域,而在基础理论研究方面代际正义论证范式研究可谓历久弥新。代际正义论证的范式选择源于权利义务本位的理论预设,是权利正义观和义务正义观在人类社会纵向代际层面的逻辑呈现,我们只有廓清正义的权利本位与义务本位,才能够为代际正义范式正本清源,以期实现代际正义论证范式的转换与创新。社会正义问题主要关涉到权利和义务的分配,以权利和义务分别作为正义的逻辑起点,构成权利正义观和义务正义观的根本分野,二者在西方政治思想史上源远流长。权利正义观是权利本位论的哲学基础,权利本位说是权利正义观在正义之权利义务价值位序中的必然选择,义务本位说则与之相反,强调义务在正义价值位序上优先于权利,正义应当以义务作为重心和本位。义务本位说就权利本位说的核心要素进行批判,主要集中在三个方面:权利是目的和义务是手段;权利分配的平等状态;自由优先于秩序的价值共识。代际正义论证范式主要包括后代人权利范式和当代人义务范式,也即代际正义论证的权利进路和义务进路,前者旨在论证后代人权益保护是代际正义的价值重心,从后代人权利视角推论出当代人维护和实现代际正义的责任和义务,后者则另辟蹊径论证代际正义之于当代人的责任和义务,主要包括功利主义说、道义论和共同体义务说。后代人权利范式和当代人义务范式存在同样的理论缺陷和不足,二者都忽略了当代人权利和后代人义务的理论维度,不仅直接造成后代人权利之于当代人义务和后代人义务以及当代人义务之于当代人权利和后代人权利的矛盾和张力,使代际之间的义务权利对等原则难以体现和保障,而且代内的权利义务关系被忽视掉,以代内社会权利义务对等为基础的代内正义也无从体现。我们更加认同义务正义观和义务本位说,在摒弃后代人权利范式基础上,创新当代人义务范式,将其归结为三个基本原则:即当代人义务是代际正义的核心和关键;当代人和后代人的义务担当必须坚持对等原则;当代人和后代人的义务承担是其权利享有的依据和前提。

The study of intergenerational justice was originated from the advent of Rawls’Theory of Justice in 1970s,and then aroused extensive attention of scholars both at home and abroad.The research issues were related to economic and political society and even the field of life science,and the research on the paradigm of intergenerational justice demonstration in basic theory is unfading.The paradigm choice of the intergenerational justice argument stems from the theoretical presupposition of the right and obligation standard,which is the logical presentation of the right and the obligation justice view in the vertical intergenerational level of the human society.Only when we clarify the right standard and obligation standard of justice can we be clear about the original source of the intergenerational justice paradigm and achieve the transformation and innovation of the intergenerational justice demonstration paradigm.The problem of social justice mainly concerns the distribution of rights and obligations with rights and obligations as the logical starting point of justice,and constitutes the fundamental separation of the right and compulsory concept of justice.The two have a long history in the history of Western political thought.The concept of right and justice is the philosophical foundation of the right standard theory,and the right standard theory is the inevitable choice of the right justice view in the value order of the rights and obligations of justice.On the contrary,the obligation standard theory emphasizes that obligation is prior to rights in the rank of justice value,and justice should be centered on obligation.The standard of obligation criticizes the core elements of the right standard,mainly in three aspects:the right is the purpose and the duty is the means;the equal state of the right distribution;the freedom gives priority to the value consensus of order.The paradigm of intergenerational justice mainly includes the rights paradigm of descendants and the paradigm of contemporary human obligation,that is,the right approach and compulsory route of intergenerational justice demonstration.The former aims to demonstrate that the protection of the rights and interests of generations is the value center of intergenerational justice,and deduces the responsibility and obligation of the contemporary people to maintain and realize intergenerational justice from the perspective of the rights of future generations,while the latter is another way to demonstrate the responsibilities and obligations of intergenerational justice to contemporary people,including utilitarianism,deontology and community obligation.There are the same theoretical defects and shortcomings in the future generations’rights paradigm and the contemporary human obligation paradigm.All of them neglect the theoretical dimension of contemporary human rights and descendants’obligations,which not only directly causes the contradictions and tensions of the rights of future generations to the contemporary people and the future generations,as well as the contradictions and tension of the contemporary people’s obligation to the right of contemporary people and the future generations,which makes it difficult to reflect and guarantee the principle of reciprocity between the generations,and the relationship between rights and obligations in the generation is ignored,and the internal justice based on the reciprocity of the internal social rights and obligations is also insignificant.We more agree with the concept of obligation justice and the standard of obligation.On the basis of abandoning the paradigm of the rights of future generations,innovation of the contemporary human obligation paradigm is summed up in three basic principles:the obligation of contemporary people is the core and key of intergenerational justice;the obligations of contemporary and future generations must adhere to the principle of reciprocity;regardless of contemporary or future generations,their obligations are the basis and premise of their rights.