基于单中心的中国人群自发性冠状动脉夹层临床特征与治疗策略

Clinical characteristic and therapy strategy of spontaneous coronary artery dissection based on single-center experience in China

目的:基于单中心的临床资料探讨中国人群自发性冠状动脉夹层(spontaneous coronary artery dissection,SCAD)的临床特点、治疗选择和临床转归。方法:对2015年3月至2016年12月复旦大学附属中山医院单中心行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)的16 526例连续性患者进行回顾性分析,筛选出17例SCAD患者。分析其危险因素、临床表现、病变特点、治疗方案和临床转归。结果:17例SCAD患者年龄26~67岁,平均(49.06±10.73)岁;男性4例、女性13例。所有患者均以急性冠脉综合征起病,其中ST段抬高型心肌梗死10例、非ST段抬高型心肌梗死3例、不稳定型心绞痛4例。17例患者共发现20处夹层,夹层主要发生于左前降支(10例,50%)和右冠状动脉(7例,35%),少数累及对角支(2例,10%)和回旋支(1例,5%)。20处夹层Ⅰ型5处、ⅡA型7处、ⅡB型6处、Ⅲ型2处。夹层远段的心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)血流分级0级4处、1级2处、3级14处。7例患者保守治疗,1例患者行单纯球囊扩张治疗,临床随访均无心绞痛发作。9例患者接受支架植入,每例平均(2.44±1.13)枚。介入过程中共5例患者出现血肿扩展,其中1例出现新发急性心肌梗死,另1例死亡。结论:缺乏冠心病危险因素的中青年女性急性冠脉综合征患者要考虑SCAD可能;临床应熟悉SCAD的造影表现,必要时行血管内超声确诊;确诊后一般采用药物保守治疗,高危患者接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)时要慎防夹层扩展。

Objective:To describe the incidence,clinical characteristics,therapy strategy and outcomes of spontaneous coronary artery dissection based on single-center experience in China.Methods:We performed retrospective case-identification study in 16 526 patients underwent coronary angiography in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between March 2015 to December 2016,and identified 17 patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection.Risk factors,clinical features,angiographic features,therapy strategy,and clinical outcomes were analyzed.Results:The incidence of SCAD was 17 of 16 526(1.03/1 000).The mean age was(49.06±10.73)years old(range:26-67 years old).In these 17 cases,4 cases were males,and others were females.Females constituted 13 of 17(76.5%).All SCAD patients presented with acute coronary syndrome,including 10 patients with acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction,3 patients with acute non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction and 4 patients with unstable angina.Twenty dissection sites were identified in 17 SCAD patients.Dissection was predominantly located at the left descending artery(50%)and the right coronary artery(35%).All lesions fell into three types:typeⅠ(n=5),typeⅡA(n=7),typeⅡB(n=6),and typeⅢ(n=2).The TIMI flow in the distal segment of the coronary dissection was classified as follows:class 0(n=4),class 1(n=2),class 3(n=14).Conservative medical treatment was adopted by 7 of 17(41.1%)patients,and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA)in 1 of 17(5.9%)patients.No recurrent angina and other cardiovascular events was observed during clinical follow up.Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)was performed in 9 of 17(52.9%)patients,and the mean number of deployed stent was(2.44±1.13).Intramural hematoma was extended during PCI in 5 of 9(55.6%)patients,resulting in new-onset nonfatal myocardial infarction in one patient and cardiac death in another patient.Conclusions:SCAD should be considered in young and middle-aged female patients presented with acute coronary syndrome,especially in those with few coronary risk factors.Interventional cardiologist should be familiar with the angiographic characteristics of SCAD,and turn to intravascular ultrasound if necessary.Conservative treatment should be the first choice in most patients with SCAD,while PCI intervention could be considered in high risk patients.Be caution to prevent interventional complications such as dissection expansion in the patients with high-risk.