论大数据时代的个人数据权利

Personal Data Rights in the Era of Big Data

大数据时代的个人数据权利涉及自然人的民事权益保护与数据企业的数据活动自由关系的协调。个人数据可以成为民事权利的客体,并应当通过私权制度对其加以规范和保护。自然人对个人数据的权利旨在保护其对个人数据的自主决定利益,从而防御因个人数据被非法收集和利用而侵害既有的人格权与财产权。自然人对个人数据的权利并非物权等可以积极利用的绝对权,只有在该权利被侵害而导致其他民事权利被侵害时,才能得到侵权法的保护。数据企业对个人数据的权利来自于其合法收集、存储,并支付了对价这一事实行为。数据企业的数据权利是一种新型的财产权,不能仅仅通过反不正当竞争法给予保护,而应同时作为绝对权给予更系统的保护。

Personal data rights in the era of big data involve coordination of the protection of the civil rights and interests of natural persons on the one hand and the freedom of data companies’data activities on the other.Personal data can be the subject of civil rights and as such should be regulated and protected through the system of private rights.The right of natural persons to personal data is aimed at protecting their self-determination interest in that data and thus preventing the infringement of existing personal and property rights due to the illegal collection and use of personal data.Unlike real right,the right of natural persons to personal data is not an absolute right that can be actively used;it is protected by tort law only if its infringement leads to the infringement of other civil rights.Data companies’right to personal data derives from their factual behavior in legally collecting,storing and paying for these data.The data rights of data companies are a new type of property right.Their protection cannot be left solely to anti-unfair competition law;rather,they should receive systematic protection as absolute rights.