百年来越南的中国观演变轨迹及动因探析

Evolution of Vietnam's view of China in the past 100 years and its motives

本文认为古代越南把中国视为"天朝北国",对华的尊崇与对抗矛盾心理始终纠结着其中国观的建构。在法属印度支那时期,中国彻底丧失"上国"形象,越南对华观从"类我认同"逐渐转向"他者批判"。1954~1975年,"同志加兄弟"的关系让越南充斥着极端"美化型"的中国观,但也成为"妖魔化"中国观的滥觞。1975~1990年,因越南南北统一问题的分歧,越南逐渐把中国视为"马列主义的背叛者"和"最直接的敌人"。1992年中越关系正常化后,越南重新审视具有中国特色的社会主义建设。21世纪以来,越南中国观呈现多元化、复杂化和负面化的特点,"疑惧"心理贯穿始终,中国霸权论占据一定市场。越南中国观的演变轨迹是由中国自身的兴衰荣辱、地缘政治和不对称视角、中越贸易失衡及不法商业行为、越南民族主义和国家认同构建需求等多方面因素影响形成的,西方中国观也在其建构过程中推波助澜。

This paper argues that Vietnamese in ancient times regarded China as a“Northern Celestial Empire”,while the respectful and confrontational ambivalence toward China always entrenched the construction of such view.During the French Indochinese period,China completely lost the image of such“Celestial Empire”,and Vietnam’s view of China shifted from“identification with the self”to“the criticism of the Other”.From 1954 to 1975,the relationship between“comrades and brothers”led Vietnam to have an extremely“beautified”view of China,but it also became a beginning of the“demonized”view of China.From 1975~1990,Vietnam dismissed China as“betrayal of Marxism-Leninism”and“the most direct enemy”because of the dispute over the unification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam.After the normalization of relations between China and Vietnam in 1992,Vietnam had some reflections on the socialism with Chinese characteristics.Since the 21st century,Vietnam’s view of China has been characterized by diversification,complexity and negativity,with suspicion and fear running through their mind and the theory of Chinese hegemony occupying a certain market.The evolution of Vietnam’s view of China has been shaped by numerous factors,including the ups and downs of China itself,the geopolitical and asymmetrical perspective,trade imbalances between China and Vietnam,illegal commercial practices,the demands of Vietnam’s nationalism and the construction of their national identity as well as the Western view of China.