市民社会批判:从黑格尔到马克思

Critique of Civil Society: From Hegel to Marx

市民社会批判是黑格尔《法哲学原理》中的一个重要主题。这种批判体现为对政治经济学原则的反思,力图达到对以个体劳动与商品交换为基础的现代社会体系的改造,以实现个体发展与社会总体发展的一致,黑格尔的国家理论正是在这个意义上提出来的。对黑格尔国家学说的批判,使马克思意识到必须对市民社会进行批判,这既需要对政治经济学的原则加以反思,又需要对产生政治经济学的现实进行批判。在这个过程中,马克思的思想经历了从生产逻辑向资本逻辑的转变,实现了对黑格尔哲学的超越。这种超越的根本点在于面对市民社会的态度:在黑格尔看来,理性的国家可以解决市民社会的问题,这是一种"修正"式的市民社会批判;而在马克思看来,以资本逻辑为内核的市民社会,不可能解决自身的矛盾,因此必须在新的基础上重建个人自由而全面发展的联合体。

The critique of civil society is a crucial subject in Elements of the Philosophy of Right,Hegel s reflection on the principles of political economy.In this work Hegel aims to reform the modern social system,which is based on individual labor and commodity exchange,and to unite the development of individuals and society as a whole.In this sense,Hegel proposed a theory of the state.In his Critique of Hegel s Philosophy of Right,Marx realizes that it is necessary to criticize civil society.This task requires both a critique of principles and of the original reality of political economy.In this process,Marx s thought transcends the philosophy of Hegel through a transformation from production logic to capital logic.The key to Marx s transcendence is his attitude towards civil society:in Hegel s view,a rational state can solve the problems of civil society,whereas Marx indicates that civil society,whose core is capital logic,cannot solve its own problems.Therefore,the unity of fully developed and free individuals must be rebuilt on new foundations.