客观归责论与过失犯的认定

The Theory of the Objective Imputation and Determination of Negligent Crimes

传统过失论历经旧过失论、修正的旧过失论、新过失论、新新过失论等诸多学说的发展,从主观判断走向客观判断,从事实判断走向规范价值判断,从纯责任判断走向了违法与责任的双重判断,虽然学界对此仍存在理论争议,但新过失论的理论意义值得肯定,且在过失论发展中有可取之处。德国的客观归责理论在过失犯问题上,与日本的结果避免义务说具有一致性,相较于传统过失论更具有体系性和方法论意义。客观归责论对传统过失论的相应概念和要素在新的体系下也赋予了相对应的内涵。在事实层面以归因为中心进行构成要件形式判断,在此基础上,以行为是否违反注意义务的行为规范检验行为是否制造不允许的风险,以客观避免可能性检验结果是否是行为所实现的法益风险,最后以是否属于构成要件效力范围,检验整体的行为,从而更规范地处理实务中疑难的过失案件,即使现阶段无法全面接纳客观归责论,其体系性思考和意义仍值得借鉴以更好解决过失犯的问题。

The traditional theory about negligent crime has developed from the old negligence theory,modified old negligence theory to new negligence theory,newer negligence theory and other theories,from the subjective judgment to objective judgment,from the fact judgment to value judgment,from pure judgment of responsibility to double judgment of illegality and responsibility.Although Although in the academic circles,there still have some theoretical disputes,the theoretical significance of the new negligence theory is worthy,and it has some merits in the development of negligence theory.The objective imputation theory in Germany is consistent with Japan's theory of avoidance of obligation,which is more systematic and methodological than the traditional negligence theory.The objective imputation theory also gives corresponding connotation to the corresponding concepts and elements of the traditional negligence theory under the new system.At the factual level,taking the cause of resolution as the center,form the judgment of the constitutive requirements.On this basis,According to whether the behavior has violated the regulation of the duty of care,we can judge whether the behavior has created a risk that is not allowed in regulate.According to the objective avoidance possibility,we can judge whether the result is the illegal risk caused by the act.Finally,according to whether the act belongs to the scope of validity of the constitutive elements,to test the overall behavior.Therefore,we can deal with the more difficult cases of negligence in practice,and even if we can not fully accept the objective imputation theory at the present stage,its systematic thinking and significance are still worth learning for better solving the problem of negligent offense.