非法吸收公众存款罪的认定与反思

On Identification and Reflection of the Crime of Illegally Absorbing Public Deposits

非法吸收公众存款罪的主体应当包括具有存贷资格的金融机构。作为结果犯,其犯罪构成要件中的犯罪结果是扰乱破坏金融秩序,具体而言,是对商业银行合法进行存贷款业务准入制度的破坏。对"公众"一词的理解应为不特定多数人,还应区分吸收亲友、熟人和外部陌生人的存款是否在同一个犯意下。非法吸收公众存款罪的主观方面中应包括间接融资的非法目的。犯罪形态下的直接融资和间接融资性质迥异,侵犯客体和社会危害性程度均不同,现有司法解释将二者混淆,导致非法吸收公众存款罪适用的过度扩张。直接融资行为应由证券法和擅自发行股票、公司、企业债券罪,欺诈发行股票、债券罪进行规制。适度的直接融资是对正规金融有益且必要的补充,刑法过度干涉有违刑法的歉抑性,还会降低公众的风险意识。因此在适用刑法时,要严格区分直接融资和间接融资,以应对融资活动形式的多样性,并通过把握直接融资中存在的欺诈行为来限制刑法适用。

The subject of the Crime of Illegally Absorbing Public Deposits should include financial institutions who are qualified to absorb deposit and issue loan.As a consequential offense,the criminal consequence of thecrime constitute lies in disruption of the financial order,in particular,a destruction to the legal deposit and loan access system conducted by commercial banks.The term"the public"should be understood as an unspecified majority,and a distinction should be drawn that whether the deposits is absorbed from relatives,acquaintances and external strangers,it can be attributed to the same offense.The object of the Crime should include the illegal purpose of indirect financing.The criminal forms of direct financing and indirect financing differ a lot with different extent of object offending and social harmfulness,the current judicial misinterpretation confounds them and leads to abuse of the crime of illegal absorbing public deposits.Direct financing should be regulated by securities laws and the crime of unauthorized issuance of stocks,company bonds and corporate bonds,the crime of fraudulent issuance of stocks and bonds,the crime of false advertisements.Moderate direct financing shall be a useful and necessary supplement to formal finance,while an excessive interference from criminal law will reduce the public's risk awareness.In conclusion,when applying criminal law,in order to deal with increasingly diversified activities of financing,it is important to distinguish direct financing and indirect financing,and the nature of"information asymmetry"which caused by fraud in financing must be firmly grasped to limit the application of criminal law.