一个非理性的大学发展图景:民国时期北京八校“高专改大”的原因、实践及其影响

An Irrational Landscape of University Development: The Reason, Practice and Influence of “College Reform” of Eight Schools in Beijing in the Republic of China

20世纪20年代,在新学制体系下,国立北京专门学校先后升格为大学,简称"高专改大"。实际上"高专改大"从蔡元培北大改革时期就开始酝酿,确立了"学"与"术"分离但平等的原则,规划了"改大"的蓝图。几经学潮与教潮的推动和政治权力的利用,八校(除北京艺专外)才正式升格为单科大学。其改革上面临"综合大学"与"单科大学"的路径选择,而在具体实践上,"高专改大"实施,确立了研究型导向,扩展了学校机构与学科,扩展了专任的教员队伍。"改大"对高等教育发展无疑具有加速作用,但是,学潮与教潮不仅败坏了学风,单科大学更是有名无实,其"过分扩展"也使得教育质量下降,学生在就业上受到一定影响。

In the 1920s,under the new system of academic system,the National Beijing Specialized College was successively promoted to a university,referred to as“college to reform”.In fact,the“college reform”started from Peking University during the reform period of Cai Yuanpei,establishing the principle of separation but equality between“theory”and“practice”and planning the blueprint of“college reform”.After several years with students and teachers’fight on the impact of education and promotion by the political power,the eight schools(except Beijing Art College)was officially upgraded to a single university.The reform faces the choice of“comprehensive university”and“single subject university”.In terms of practical measures,the“college reform”established a research-oriented orientation,expanding the school institutions and disciplines,expanding the full-time faculty,etc.“Reform”has undoubtedly accelerated the development of higher education,and however,students and teachers’fight have not only ruined the style of study but also made the single university even more famous.Its“over-expansion”has also resulted in a decline in the quality of education and a certain impact on the employment of students.