历时语言学视野中的日语程度副词研究——中世时代的使用特点及语法功能

Usage Characteristics and Grammatical Functions of Japanese Adverbs of Degree in the Middle Ages from the Perspective of Diachronic Linguistics

作为日语程度副词历时研究的一环,从中世时代主要文献的"会话文"中抽出表示"程度高"的一类程度副词,对它们在当时的使用特点和语法功能进行了考察。结果表明,从使用特点上看,「あまりに」是中世时代人们口语中主要的程度副词,「いと」是中世的镰仓时代、「おほき(い)に」「あまり」是中世时代后期作为人们口语中主要的程度副词来使用;「いと」「いみじく(う)」出现了衰退现象;程度副词的和语与汉文训读语在使用上形成了明显的对立。从语法功能上看,「いと」「あまりに」「あまり」的被修饰语都易与形容词共现,「おほき(い)に」易与动词共现;被修饰语在内部结构上几乎都显示偏向性;程度副词最易与「いとほし」「面白し」「おぼつかなし」搭配;「あまりに」与「あまり」在被修饰语的内部构造以及上位语上比较相似。通过与中古时代的程度副词比较,明确了语言的变化主要是体现在使用特点上的变化,而非在语法功能上的变化。

As part of a research program on Japanese adverbs of degree based on diachronic linguistics,the paper reports on the usage characteristics and grammatical functions of“high degree”adverbs chosen from representative novels produced during the middle ages of Japan.According to the usage characteristics,“amarini”was the most frequently used adverbs of degree in daily oral Japanese in the middle ages,while“ito”was used during the Kamakura period,and“ohoki(i)ni”and“amari”were the most frequently used adverbs of degree during the late middle ages.Moreover,“ito”and“imijiku(u)”began to wane.Adverbs of degree in wago and kanbunkundoku are distinctly different.Based on the grammatical functions,the modified words of“ito”“amarini”“amari”are generally used in combination with adjectives,while”ohoki(i)ni”tends to go together with verbs.And most of these modified words show certain tendencies in the internal structure.Meanwhile,adverbs of degree are mainly used together with“itohosi”“omosirosi”“obotukanasi”.And“amarini”and“amari”are similar in terms of the internal structure of their modified words and umbrella terms.Through the comparison of adverbs of degree in the middle ages,the paper argues that the variation of languages can be better demonstrated through the variations in usage,rather than those in grammatical functions.