美国联邦动植物卫生稽查制度初步研究

Study on the Investigative and Enforcement Mechanism for Animal and Plant Health Protection of USA

美国农业部动植物卫生监督局(USDA-APHIS)设有调查执法处(IES),对全美范围内违反农业检疫、动植物保护、兽医监管和生物技术监管等10部法律的行为进行综合执法。一般性案件的处罚方式为警告和诉前协议和解,严重违法案件则移送USDA法务顾问办公室(OGC),寻求行政裁决,甚至民事和刑事处罚。为提高执法效率,IES于2011年参与了流程改进项目(BPI),按优先顺序分类管理案件,对要案实施精细管理,从而缩短了查办周期,提高了查缉效率,震慑了违法行为。相比而言,当前美国农业(入境)检疫和动物福利领域的违法案件较多,兽医监管、植物保护和生物技术监管方面的违法案例相对较少。本文对美国动植物卫生稽查制度进行研究,旨在为我国健全农业综合执法制度提供参考。

In America,the Animal and Plant Health Service of the United States Department of Agriculture(USDAAPHIS)has the agency of Investigative and Enforcement Services(IES),who comprehensively enforces the 10 laws towards those illegal acts in fields of agriculture inspection and quarantine,animal and plant protection,as well as supervision for veterinary medicine and biotechnology.For the ordinary cases,the punishments of warning and preaccusation agreement are often taken.If the evidence shows a substantive violation of any APHIS-administered law,the case will be transferred to the USDA's Office of the General Counsel(OGC)for administrative adjudication,civil or criminal penalties.In order to enhance the law enforcement efficiency,IES participated in the project of Business Process Improvement(BPI)in 2011,by classifying and managing the cases in order of priority and adopting precision management towards the major and serious cases,the inspection and handling period was shorten,the investigation efficiency was improved and the illegal activities were deterred.In comparison,the amount of cases involving in fields of agricultural entry inspection and quarantine and animal welfare was relatively more,whiles that in fields of plant protection and supervision for veterinary medicine and biotechnology was less.The analysis on the investigative and enforcement mechanism for animal and plant health protection in USA would provide reference for establishing a sound comprehensive law enforcement system in agriculture in China.