制度变迁背景下牧户的生计脆弱性——基于“脆弱性—恢复力”分析框架

Pastoralists' Livelihood Vulnerability in the Context of Institutional Transition: An Analysis Based on the “Vulnerability-Resilience”Framework

本文通过构建"脆弱性—恢复力"框架,运用内蒙古呼伦贝尔和锡林郭勒牧区10户典型牧户30多年来生计变化状况的半结构化访谈材料,通过对案例材料进行三级编码,分析了在从草场和牲畜公有共管到牲畜私有、草场承包的制度变迁背景下牧户生计脆弱性的变化,以探索现行草地经营制度下促进牧户生计实现可持续的策略。研究发现:第一,分畜到户和分草到户后,草地生态状况恶化,例如水、草等自然资源减少及不同资源间搭配失衡,草地承载力下降和恢复力不足,这些都加剧了牧户的生计脆弱性;第二,牧户定居放牧后,物质资本的增加促进了其生计的恢复,但金融资本不足仍是导致牧户生计脆弱的主要因素;第三,部分牧户通过草地租赁、互惠合作等,优化了资源配置,促进了生计恢复;第四,部分牧户采用过牧等手段应对草地经营制度变迁带来的影响,从长远来看,这反而加剧了自身生计脆弱性。在现行草地经营制度下,通过创新草场流转方式和开展互惠合作等来优化牧户生计资本配置,将是促进其生计实现可持续的可行途径。

Based on the“Vulnerability-Resilience”analytical framework,this article uses data collected from semi-structure interviews with 10 pastoralists from Hulun Buir and Xilin Gol on their livelihoods in the past 30 years to analyze their livelihood vulnerability under the institutional transition from public ownership to the household contract responsibility system.By analyzing the qualitative data through three-level coding,the study explores possible strategies to improve pastoralists’livelihood sustainability.It finds that,first of all,the household contract responsibility system in pastoral areas has led to a deterioration of grassland ecology,characterized by a reduction of nature resources and a decrease in grassland carrying capacity.This has increased pastoralists’livelihood vulnerability.Secondly,the sedentarization of pastoralists has increased their physical capital and strengthened their livelihood resilience,while a lack of financial capital has increased their livelihood vulnerability.Thirdly,some pastoralists have strengthened their livelihood resilience through grassland renting market and reciprocal organization.Fourthly,some pastoralists have adopted overgrazing measures to address institutional transition,which will however increase their livelihood vulnerability in the long term.Under the current herding system,grassland renting market and reciprocal organization are two main effective ways to promote pastoralists’sustainable livelihoods.