无以为继:黄郛与1935年华北危局

An Unsustainable Policy:Huang Fu and the North China Crises in 1935

1935年华北危机重重,黄郛主张采取妥协外交,换取中日和平,但在内外夹攻之下,最终淡出华北政局,由此或可窥悉20世纪30年代妥协外交派面临的内外困境。首先,1935年蒋介石内外政策的矛盾性与双重性,使得国民政府对日政策呈现分歧庞杂的状态。其次,国民政府内部派系冲突激化,黄郛与东北军、宋哲元势若水火,对日谋略均夹杂派系因素,在为日军创造良机的同时,更恶化华北政局。此外,黄郛对日本侵略意图缺乏清晰认知,而日方又将其主导的政整会视为蒋对日二重政策的产物,必须打倒而后快,黄郛主导的妥协外交终将无从实现。

Facing multiple crises in North China in 1935,Huang Fu advocated a policy of appeasement in diplomacy so as to achieve the peace between China and Japan.However,subjected to both domestic and foreign attacks,Huang ended up leaving the political arena of North China.It shows the domestic and foreign dilemma that advocates of appeasement faced in the 1930s.First,in 1935,the internal contradiction in Chiang Kai-she s domestic and international policies made the Japan policy of the Nationalist government seem divergent and uncertain.Second,the conflicts among cliques in the Nationalist government had been intensified.Huang Fu and other powers in North China,such as the Northeast Army and Song Zheyuan,had strained relationships,so their tactics toward Japan were interfered by their factional concerns.This created opportunities for the Japanese and worsened the situation in North China.In addition,Huang Fu did not clearly recognize the Japanese intention to invade China,while the Japanese intended to get rid of him as Chiang s agent in North China.As a result,the appeasement policy advocated by Huang Fu could not succeed.