论德国法上的基本权利丧失

On the Loss of Fundamental Rights under German Law

在德国,如果个人滥用基本权利攻击自由民主基本秩序将导致其丧失某些基本权利的后果。基本权利丧失只限于丧失出版自由、讲学自由、集会自由、结社自由、通信、邮政和电信秘密和财产权、避难权这七种基本权利,因为它们可能会被用来攻击自由民主的基本秩序。在具体个案中到底丧失哪一种基本权利,由联邦宪法法院以被申请人未来的危险性和比例原则而定。基本权利丧失的后果并非不能行使相关基本权利,而是不能有效行使,即被申请人受到限制后无法援引相关的基本权利保护自己。因此,基本权利丧失的性质被视为一种对基本权利的内在限制,即滥用基本权利者将得不到基本权利的保护。基本权利丧失的理论基础在于防卫性民主,即防止敌视宪法的个人利用民主制度推翻自由民主的基本秩序。防卫性民主是基于对魏玛宪法采取的价值相对主义的一种反思,它认为,民主是受到价值约束的,民主不能被用来推翻社会的基础价值,否则就等于是民主的自杀。

In Germany,those who abuse fundamental rights to attack the basic order of freedom and democracy will lose some of their fundamental rights.Only seven fundamental rights can be lost,namely the freedom of publication,the freedom of teaching,the freedom of assembly,the freedom of association,the confidentiality of communication,property rights and asylum rights,because they may be used to attack the basic order of freedom and democracy.The fundamental right to be lost in a specific case is determined by the German Federal Constitutional Court in light of the future dangerousness of the accused and in accordance with the principle of proportionality.The consequence of the loss of fundamental rights is not the loss of the ability to exercise the fundamental rights,but the loss of the ability to exercise them effectively.That is to say,the parties concerned are unable to invoke relevant fundamental rights being restricted to protect themselves.Therefore,the nature of the loss of fundamental rights is regarded as an inherent limitation on fundamental rights,namely those who abuse the fundamental rights will not be protected by these rights.The theoretical basis of the loss of fundamental rights is defensive democracy,that is,preventing the use of the democratic system by individuals hostile to the constitution to overthrow freedom and democracy.Defensive democracy is based on a reflection of value relativism adopted in Weimar Constitution.It believes that democracy is constrained by value and cannot be used to overthrow the basic value of society,otherwise it is a democratic suicide.