美国军团与二十世纪初的“百分之百美国主义”

American Legion and the"One Hundred Percent Americanism" in the Early 20th Century

19世纪末20世纪初,经历40年快速工业化发展的美国面临一系列危机,包括种族和族裔矛盾的激化、劳资冲突加剧、"非美"思想的大量涌入以及传统公民美德的沦丧等;与此同时,"美国主义"的思想内涵在危机背景下也发生了扩充与转化。1919年成立的美国军团利用强大的组织资源、庞大的成员人数、退伍军人的政治身份,以及广泛的政商界关系,通过举办和参与一系列公民活动,大肆推崇以盎格鲁—撒克逊价值观为核心的"百分之百美国主义",并力图使这一思想在更广范围和更深层次为全体美国人所接受,以应对整个社会面临的精神危机。美国军团在20世纪20年代发起和参与的一系列活动,包括打击"非美"活动和思想、推动改造新移民的"美国化"运动,以及监管年轻一代美国公民的道德教育等,不仅整合和改造了旧的"美国主义"思想,也帮助建构了此后贯穿20世纪并延续至今的保守性美国民族主义意识形态。

In the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries,the United States,having undergone rapid industrial development for 40 years,faced a series of crises,including the intensification of racial and ethnic conflicts,the worsening of labor-management relations,the influxof“un-American”ideas and the eroding of traditional civic virtues.In this context,the ideological connotation of“Americanism”had expanded and transformed.The American Legion,established in 1919,actively held and participated in a series of civic activities with its strong organizational resources,large membership,the political identity of veterans of its members,and its extensive political and business relations.It strongly promoted“one hundrcdpcrccntAmcricanism”centering on Anglo-Saxon values,and sought to make all Americans accept this idea at a broader and deeper level,in order to meet the spiritual challenges facing the whole society.Campaigns conducted or taken part in by the Legion in the 1 92 0s included combating“un-American”activities and ideas,promoting the“Americanization”movement to transform new immigrants,and supervising themoral education of the younger generation of American citizens,among others.All these not only integrated and transformed the old ideology of“Americanism,”but also helped shape the“conscrvativeAmcricannationalist”ideology that has continued through the 20th century into this day.