产业招募与二十世纪八十年代以来美国南部制造业转型

Industry Recruitment and the Transformation of Manufacturing in the American South since the 1980s

在美国各州和地方经济发展政策中,以招徕外来企业为核心的产业招募政策颇受争议。虽然20世纪80年代之后以本地企业为重心的经济发展策略日益流行,产业招募在南部仍然大行其道,刺激措施不断升级。事实上,正是在产业招募措施的主导下,数量众多的先进制造业和高技术企业到南部设厂,促使南部制造业发生了从劳动密集型向高附加值、资本密集型的转型升级。相对较低的成本,尤其是廉价劳动力,是南部实施产业招募政策的重要前提和基础。而产业招募政策的实施,无论是各种刺激优惠,还是为企业提供劳动力定制培训项目,都直接或间接降低了企业运营成本,进一步强化了南部的低成本优势,这是南部产业招募取得成功的关键。

Policies for attracting industry,particularly foreign companies,hold a controversial place in US states and local economic development policies.Although economic development policies centering on local enterprises have been gaining in popularity since the 1980s,attracting outside industries still holds sway in the South,with incentives being constantly ratcheted up.In fatt,it is these incentives that have encouraged a number of advanced manufacturing and high-tech companies to stt up factories in the South,resulting in the upgrading of Southern manufacturing from labor-intensive industry to high value-added and capital-intensive industry.Relatively low costs,particularly cheap labor,are an important precondition and foundation for the implementation of these policies.Their implementation,whether through incentives and preferential treatment or through the provision of customized training programs for the labor force,have directly or indirectly reduced enterprises’operating costs and further strengthened the South’s cost advantage.This strategy is the key to the South’s success in attracting outside firms.