规范导向与市场需求:欧盟贸易政策的张力及其表现

Normative Orientation and Market Requirement:Tensions in the EU's Trade Policy and Its Manifestations

"规范"和"市场"的讨论是贯穿欧洲一体化发展历史的热点议题。规范导向与市场需求之间的矛盾是欧盟贸易政策中长期存在的内部张力。这种张力在特定阶段被欧盟与成员国、欧盟与多边体系的权力博弈等新出现的主要矛盾所掩盖。在后危机时代和《里斯本条约》框架下,欧盟的贸易决策能力大大提高,通过自由贸易区(FTAs)谈判实现对WTO的制度性替代,其贸易领域的主要矛盾逐步得到解决,原本被边缘化的"规范-市场"张力再次凸显出来。2015年欧盟贸易新战略强调"价值观导向",标志着欧盟贸易政策的"规范"属性迈入新的发展阶段。在欧洲经济危机逐渐平息、政治社会危机越来越深的背景下,欧盟虽仍强调其贸易政策要基于全球价值链和全球市场的新变化,但具体政策却在一定程度上偏离了市场需求,显示出更大的"规范-市场"张力。当前,欧盟对"规范-市场"张力持乐观态度。未来,其张力将持续存在并进一步强化,使欧盟对外贸易战略不仅着眼于经济利益的增长,同时致力于规范性权力的扩展。鉴于规范性议题将成为欧盟与其他国家自贸区谈判中的重点和难点,中国应同时聚焦中欧贸易谈判中的规范性议题和经济性议题,管控贸易摩擦,加快投资协定谈判,推进中欧国际贸易合作。

In the history of European integration,the contradiction between normative orientation and market requirement is a long-standing tension and a topic of debate in the field of EU trade policy.During a specific period,this tension was hidden by two newly emerging contradictions,namely the power bargaining between the EU and its member states and that between the EU and the multilateral trading system.In the post-crisis period and under the framework of the Lisbon Treaty,the EU’s decision-making competence has greatly been enhanced and the EU has gradually replaced the WTO regime with FTAs institutionally in the trading area,which has highlighted the“Norm-Market”tension once again.The EU’s new trade policy formulated in 2015 advocated a“value orientation”,which means the“normative”nature of the EU trade policy has reached a new stage.Along with the economic recovery but aggravated social crisis in Europe,the EU’s policy in practice has to some extent departed from market requirement and demonstrated a greater degree of the“Norm-Market”tension,which will be further intensified in the future.The norm-related agenda will become the most crucial and difficult points in the FTA negotiators between the EU and its trading partners.For China,it is of urgent need to pay attention to both the norm-related and market-related agendas in order to boost China-EU international trade and business cooperation.