从多元文化到主导文化——当代德意志语境下移民文化政策的变迁

From Multiculturalism to Dominant Culture:On the Change of Immigration Cultural Policy in Contemporary Germany

德国曾长期将国民同质性作为民族国家存在和发展的基础,然而二战后多次移民潮使德国成为事实上的移民国家。面对内部日益庞大、多元化和文化背景迥异的移民群体,德国始终在历史因素和现实体制的制约中探索合适的道路,以平衡外来移民族群带来的文化多元性和国家认同的统一性问题。近20年来,面对国内日趋激化的文化、宗教和国家认同冲突问题,主导文化(Leitkultur)的主张开始浮出水面,其核心正是围绕着"我们是谁"的问题来重新塑造坚实的国家认同。与之相关的争论,也激发了各界对德意志民族国家认同、民众共同生活基础和移民融合原则的深刻反思。在此过程中,主导文化的主张不仅逐渐成为德国中右翼政党和新兴政党的共识而被纳入党纲,也在整个欧美范围内成为文化保守主义反对多元文化主义的理论资源。

National homogeneity has long been the basis for the survival and development of the German state.But after World War II,the waves of immigrants flowing into Germany have made it a de facto immigration country.In the face of the increasingly large-scale immigrant groups with a diversified and multiplied culture,Germany has been striving to find the right path to strike a balance between the cultural diversity of the immigrant groups and the uniformity of national identity.Over the past two decades,the idea of a dominant culture(Leitkultur)began to surface,which stimulates profound reflections by the Germans on the foundations of its people’s common life,the national identity and the principle for immigration integration.The idea of a dominant culture has not only become the consensus of the traditional centre-right parties and the far rights in Germany,but the theoretical resources for cultural conservatism against multiculturalism in Europe.