“四端”“七情”:东亚儒家情感哲学的内在演进

“Four Origins”and“Seven Emotions”: The Internal Development of Confucian Philosophy of Emotion

"四端""七情"是儒家情感哲学的核心内容,分别代表道德情感与自然情感。先秦儒学对自然情感做了初步归纳,最为完备的表述是"七情"说。孔子对道德情感多有指点,孟子进一步总结为"四端"说。朱熹正式探讨"四端"与"七情"的关系问题,《朱子语录》中提及"四端理发、七情气发",但在其"心统性情"的架构中却将两者同归于属气之"情"。朱子思想内部关于"四七分合"的矛盾对东亚朱子学产生深远影响,在朝鲜儒学史上形成了持续日久的"四端七情论辩",其中以李退溪为代表的岭南学派主张"四七分理气",以李栗谷为代表的畿湖学派主张"四七气发理乘一途"。从孟子到朱子再到退溪,儒家情感哲学关于四七关系的理解经历了"正—反—合"的发展过程。

The“Four Origins”and“Seven Emotions”are the core contents of Confucian philosophy of emotion,representing moral feeling and natural emotion respectively.Pre-Qin Confucianism made a preliminary survey of natural emotion,the most complete expression of which is the theory of the Seven Emotions.Confucius had more guidance on moral feeling,and Mencius systematically summarized it in his theory of the Four Origins.Zhu Xi formally discussed the relationship between the Four Origins and Seven Emotion,noting that the Four Origins derive from li(principle),and the Seven Emotions derive from qi(matter).The contradiction in Zhu s thought about“Four-Seven s separation and reunion”had a profound influence on Zhu s learning.In the history of Korean Confucianism,the Lingnan School represented by Toegye held that the Four derive from li and the Seven derive from qi,while the Jihu School represented by Yulgok held that everything derives from matter and carries principle.From Mencius to Zhu Xi and then on to Toegye,Confucian philosophy of emotions has seemingly progressed through the sequence of“thesis-antithesis-synthesis.”