太平洋战争前后英日殖民统治与马来亚独立建国运动

Impacts of the British and Japanese Colonization on Malayan Independence Movement before and after the Pacific War

英国在其殖民统治期间对马来亚各个族群实施分而治之的政策。境内的非马来人被视为外来者,马来人被视为原住民而享有各种特殊的权利。太平洋战争爆发后,日本的殖民统治得到当地许多马来民族主义者的支持。日本殖民政府对马来亚社会分而治之的方针,以及亲日的马来民兵和华人领导的抗日军的对抗,激发了战后马来人和华人激烈的族群冲突。华人的积极抗日促进英国制定了马来亚联盟方案,认可华人在马来亚生根发展的权利,但也在战后激发马来人开展"民族大团结运动"。由于战争时期崛起的马来亚共产党在战后发动武装革命,英殖民政府积极扶持右派华人领袖和亲英的马来领袖来组织自治政府,并以宽松的条件开放公民权利于非马来人,以打击马共。此举加速了马来亚的独立进程,促进了一个多族群共治的新国家的诞生。

The British colonial administration adopted a‘divide and rule’policy on the governance of the multi-ethnic society in Malaya.Malay was considered as natives who could enjoy certain privileges while non-Malay residents were treated as foreigners.Shortly after the break of the Pacific War,the Japanese colonial rule gained the support from many Malay nationalists.The Japan s‘divide and rule’policy in Malaya,as well as the fights between the pro-Japan Malay military group and anti-Japan army led by Chinese,stimulated a series of ethnic collisions between Malay and Chinese communities which shortly broke before the end of the war.Due to the significant contribution of the Chinese community to the resistance against the Japanese occupation,the British administration drafted a Malayan Union proposal which widely recognized the Chinese rights of habitation in Malaya during the war.Moreover,the implementation of Malayan Union triggered a huge Malay nationalist movement throughout the country to safeguard their rights and interests.Followed by the rebellion of the Malayan Communist party during the war,the British Malaya administration promoted a coalition alliance between local right-wing Chinese leaders and pro-Britain Malay leaders to constitute an autonomous government in Malaya and endowed the civil rights to non-Malay with loose requirements,paving the way for massive naturalization of the non-Malay in the country.This effort accelerated the process of the independence of Malaya and subsequently helped to form a new country governed by multi-ethnic groups through the concept of power sharing.