明代湖北进士地理分布及其成因

Geographical Distribution of Jinshi (Presented Scholars) of Hubei in the Ming Dynasty and the Causes

科举时代的进士是考察人才的绝佳样本。民国《湖北通志》收录明代湖北进士1132名,进士在地域分布上呈现出不均衡的特点。他们分布在湖北省除施州卫外的其他8府,以黄州府、汉阳府、武昌府为代表的鄂东地区集中了全省71%以上的进士,是进士人才的高产区;以荆州府、承天府为代表的鄂中南地区拥有全省22%的进士,为中产区;鄂西南和鄂北地区为进士人才低产区。除长阳、兴山、郧西、保康等县外49县均有进士产生,平均每县23名。进士人才地域分布不平衡体现出湖北省各地人文水平的高低、演变及其经济发展的损益。人才的成长与发展必定要受到地域环境的影响,但对人才起决定作用的应该是人才成长的人文环境。具体到明代湖北而言,进士人才的地域分布特征是由移民、经济开发,以及包含官学教育、书院教育、刻书业、家学、人才交流等在内的文化因素共同作用的结果。

Jinshi(presented scholars)in the age of Imperial Examinations are excellent examples to observe and study human resources.Hubei General Records of the Republican Period include 1132 jinshi from Hubei,presenting imbalanced feature in terms of regional distribution.They came from all the other 8 fu of Hubei except Shizhouwei.More than 71%of them concentrated in the Eastern Hubei area represented by Huangzhoufu,Hanyangfu,and Wuchangfu,an area of high yield of jinshi.The central and southern Hubei area represented by Jinzhoufu and Chengtianfu had 22%,with a moderate yield.The southwestern and northern Hubei areas are poor yield areas.Apart from counties such as Changyang,Xingshan,Yunxi,and Baokang,the other 49 counties all have their own jinshi,with an average of 23 for every county.The imbalanced regional distribution of Jinshi embodies the different levels of cultural development and evolution of various places in the province and the losses and gains of their economic development.The growth and development of human resources are definitely affected by regional environment,and the crucial factor surely must be the cultural environment.For Hubei in the Ming Dynasty specifically,the regional distribution feature of jinshi is the result collectively driven by migration,economic development,and cultural factors including official school education,private academy education,book engraving industry,private tuition,and human resources exchanges.