世界遗产京都二战幸存考

The Survival of Kyoto's Cultural Heritage during World War Ⅱ: An Investigation

京都作为日本重要的历史城市,在二战期间躲过美军轰炸的传奇一直引发着各种猜想。文章试图借助相关档案史料以及战后史学研究的成果,厘清京都在二战前后的命运及其对美日关系和日本社会的影响。文章首先考察京都在二战中被"战略性保存"的经过,重点阐述京都因其特殊的文化价值,从军事目标转变为文化目标的过程;接下来梳理美国罗伯茨委员会在战争期间对日本文物与古迹的调查和整理,以及委员会的工作与军事行动的关系;最后通过追溯"华纳传说"在日本流传的源头,论证战争期间对京都的"战略性保存"在战后继续扮演着协调美日关系的重要角色。

The ancient city of Kyoto is one of the best preserved historic cities in East Asia,and a treasure house of Japanese art and architecture.The city’s fine state of preservation is often attributed to its miraculous escape from US air raids during World War II,and various explanations have been advanced in the United States,Japan and China for this escape.Through research on primary historical documents and reviews of postwar historiography,this paper investigates the‘strategic preservation’of Kyoto towards the end of World War II,with a focus on how Kyoto was transformed from a military target to a cultural target of the United States.It also examines the documents on Japanese cultural properties,and historic monuments produced during the war by the Roberts Commission and considers their influence on military operations.In addition,the paper discusses the origin of the‘Warner Legend’and argues that the‘strategic preservation’of Kyoto during the war played an important role in postwar international politics.