原住民参与遗产保护的实践与反思——以北京大栅栏地段院落调整为例

Practices and Reflections on Residents' Participation in Heritage Conservation: A Case Study of Courtyard Reorganisation in Dashilar, Beijing

2010年以后,将原住民留下来并让他们参与文化遗产尤其是活态遗产的保护,逐渐成为了学界与政策的主流方向。文章以北京大栅栏这个居住型历史街区的院落调整为例,讨论原住民参与遗产保护的政策在执行中的难点所在。院落调整尝试了以居民为主体和申请式改造这两种模式,但都以失败告终。我们从中看到了居民维护隐私和利益的空间划界行为,紧张冲突的邻里关系和院落生活的丧失,看到了社区居委会以"政绩"为中心并强调"面子"的行动逻辑,也看到了政府基层社区治理的资源、能力的短板,以及与居民之间的信任问题。实践表明,原住民参与遗产保护不是一个单纯的物质空间问题,而是系统性的社会工程,目前面临着空间、认知、组织和制度上的四大困境。这些问题的解决是原住民参与遗产保护在实践上能够有效推进的前提。

The participation of residents remaining in their original homes in heritage conservation,especially in living heritage conservation,has gradually become a dominant trend since 2010 for both the academia and policy-makers.Taking the typical historic residential neighbourhood of Dashilar as an example,this study explores the practical difficulties of the participatory conservation policy.In this case,two participatory conservation models:the one initiated by the residents,and one facilitated by the government through application to public funds,failed to achieve courtyard reorganisation.During our research process,we noticed the residents’spatial behaviour,such as spatial demarcation to protect privacy and other interests,tense neighbourhood relations,loss of courtyard interaction,the neighbourhood committee’s actions were driven by concerns for their reputation and accomplishments,insufficient resources and capabilities for community governance,as well as the problem of distrust among other residents.This case shows that residents’participation in heritage conservation is not merely a matter of material space,but a systematic social project that faces challenges posed by space,cognition,organisation and institutions.The solution to these problems is an effective promotion of public participation in heritage conservation.