清末东北官聘西医及其薪津状况考析

The Official Employment of Western Doctor and Their Salary in the Northeast China in the end of Qing Dynasty

受地缘政治和疫情影响,东北地区是清末中国卫生行政创立的前沿,不仅早在1870年左右就聘用了英国医生出任海关医官,而且在1899年开始聘用西医出任营口卫生局官员。文章利用清末东北官聘西医的档案资料,分析这一现象产生的根本原因在于列强的压迫。直到新政官制改革,奉天开始聘请中外西医出任新设立的卫生机构和医院的官职,并支付相对较高的薪资。在东北大鼠疫期间,为了应对严重的疫情,东北官府除在天津、上海、广东、北京等地聘请中外医生外,还在东北各地聘请日本医生参与防疫。这些西医不仅领取较高的薪资,而且约定了相当数额的抚恤金。为此,清政府特别制定抚恤金的等级标准,从一个侧面反映出清政府对西医资格的认定标准。最后,文章认为清末东北官聘西医已经成为一种常态,对中西医的发展产生了重要影响。

Because of the geopolitics and epidemics,the Northeast China had been in the frontier of the foundation of the Public Health Administration at the end of Qing Dynasty.A British doctor had been hired in the 1870 and the western doctors had been hired as the director of the Health Bureau in Newchuang in 1899.On the basis of related archives,this article tries to analyze that the fundamental cause of the official employment of Western doctor was the oppression of the foreign powers.The Northeast local authorities hadn t hired the western doctors with high salary to fill in the new positions of the health bureau and official hospital until the Reform of the Official System.In the period of the Great Plague,the local authorities had hired the Japanese doctors,except the doctors from Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangdong,and Beijing,to take part in the epidemic prevention.These doctors had not only received high wages,but agreed on high pension.So the Officers had to set standard of the pension,which reflected the standard of the qualification of western doctor.At the end of Qing Dynasty,the official employment of Western doctor had been a normality,which had important influence on the development of Chinese and Western medicine in China.