教育体制分权与计划经济时期的学校发展:经济史的再考察

The Decentralization of Educational System and Development of Education in the Planned Economy:A Restudy of Economic History

新中国成立以来学校教育发展堪称"奇迹",这一"奇迹"相当部分是计划经济时期(1949—1978年)完成的。计划经济时期普通学校发展"奇迹"的成因是什么?本文认为,1949年新中国成立后,实现了教育指导思想的"大众化"转向,其重要体现是教育体制分权。计划经济时期教育体制分权体现在:第一,坚持国家办学和厂矿企业、社队办学的"两条腿走路"方针;第二,建立了具有中国特色的"民办教师"制度。教育体制分权降低了就学的直接成本和机会成本,提高了教学质量,推动了学校教育的发展"奇迹"。使用全国层面时间序列数据,省级层面静态面板、动态面板数据分析均证实,测量教育体制分权的普通学校专任教师数是推动在校学生数量增长的核心因素,学校数量增长许多时候也是非常重要的,但这一指标噪音较大。最后,本文还利用研究结论反思了当前农村教育发展的一些问题。

Since 1949,the development of school education has been a miracle in China,and a considerable part of this miracle completed in the planned economy.What is the cause of the miracle during the planned economy?We believe that after 1949,the popularization of educational guiding ideology has been realized,and its embodiment is the decentralization of educational system.We believe that the decentralization is reflected in:first,open schools by both national and factories,collective schools;second,establish a system called“private teacher”.The decentralization of education system reduces the direct cost and opportunity cost of schooling,improves teaching quality.Using data of the national level time series,the provincial level panel,confirmed that the number of full-time teachers is to promote the growth in the students number of schools,the growth of the school number is also important.Finally,using the research conclusion to discuss on the current problems of rural education development.