论园林“相地”模式与水源

Modes of Site Selection for Designing Gardens: A erspective on the Water System

"相地"是造园面临的首要问题。计成在《园冶》中将"相地"分为山林地、城市地、村庄地、郊野地、傍宅地和江湖地6类,当今多数造园研究在分析古典园林选址时也倾向以此分类作为基础。为了更加体系化地诠释造园"相地"背后纷杂的关联因素,将《园冶》6个分类再划分成"山林别墅"与"城市山林"两大体系,分别以"山林地"模式与"城市地"模式作为体系代表。以水源选择的角度切入,把涌泉、河湖、人工河渠与地下水4种不同的水源作为关联分类方式。以明清江南园林作为研究主体,通过文献考证和空间分布复原,总结山林、水系、城乡距离等外部环境要素对两大"相地"体系的影响。在数据观察的基础上,细化分析具体"相地"模式的水源选择规律及发展脉络。扩大时空范围进行比较,得出"相地"模式与水源选择很大程度上取决于区域水环境特征的结论。

Site selection(xiangdi)is central to the design of a private garden.In his book Yuan Ye,Ji Cheng classified garden sites into six types:woodland,urban,rural,wilderness,housestead,and waterside sites.However,for the current research,this classification can no longer systematically explain the influencing factors and development patterns arising from the selection of site.This study is based on the verification and representation of private garden distribution in cities during the Ming and Qing Dynasties south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.It then statistically analyzes the distribution as well as historical changes of factors such as woodland and man-made water system in affecting the site selection for private gardens.To broaden the temporal and spatial scope of enquiry,comparative research on Japanese gardens across time has also been included,which reveals that different modes of site selection are in essence a function of the external water system.A further attempt has been made to summarize the modes and periodic tendencies of site selection for designing gardens,as according to external water sources and water environment features.The temporal-spatial regularities of site selection have been pointed to the following finding:it is owing to the native geographical features that private gardens in China have undergone continuous trials and efforts,thus creating their unique charm as a characteristic cultural landscape.