陶渊明“忠愤”说及其扩大化影响

The Loyalty-hatred Theory about Tao Yuanming and Its Exaggeration

沈约在《宋书·陶潜传》中,认为陶渊明"耻复屈身后代,自高祖王业渐隆,不复肯仕"。又说陶渊明为自己的作品题其年月,在东晋用年号,入刘宋后书甲子。这意味着陶渊明是东晋的忠臣。到了赵宋,陶渊明"耻事二姓"说相当流行,韩驹、汤汉注意到《述酒》诗中"山阳归下国,成名犹不勤",认为是影射东晋末代皇帝逊位后被刘宋开国皇帝刘裕残杀一事,并由此推论陶渊明对于改朝换代的"忠愤":忠于东晋,愤恨刘裕。此论后来被推衍扩大到许多作品中,成为解读陶渊明诗歌创作的重要思路。"山阳"两句大约确有所指,而《述酒》其他各句则与易代无关,"忠愤"说由此两句扩大到全诗及其他作品以至陶渊明本人,则多为牵强附会、不合情理之论。只有将扩大化的"忠愤"说打包挂起,科学地重估陶渊明才能顺利进行。

In the biography of Tao Qian in The Annals of Song Dynasty,Shen Yue holds that Tao,an adherent of Jin Dynasty,rejected and despised officialdom since the rise of Liu Yu??s regime.Moreover,Tao retained“Eastern Jin”as the reign title of his works,which indicates his loyalty to Eastern Jin.The Song Dynasty witnessed the growing popularity of the view that Tao despised serving two dynasties.According to Han Ju and Tang Han,Tao alluded to,in a verse of his poem Wine Words,the killing of the last emperor of Jin Dynasty after his abdication by Liu Yu,the first emperor of Song Dynasty.From this,they concluded Tao??s feelings over the change of dynasties,i.e.,loyalty to Eastern Jin and hatred of Liu Yu.This conclusion has been exaggerated and adopted as an important guide to interpret Tao??s poetry.However,although the verse of Wine Words might be an exact allusion,the rest of the poem has nothing to do with the change of dynasties.It??s rather far-fetched to sum up the loyalty-hatred theory on that basis and apply it to other works of Tao.Only by shelving the exaggerated theory can we rationally evaluate the life and thoughts of Tao Yuanming.