日语被使者的编码机制及其类型学意义

The Encoding Mechanism of Causee in Japanese and Its Significance in Linguistic Typology

日语使役结构中被使者有「を」「に」「から」三个标志,其中「を」是优先使用的格标志,「に」格是为了凸显被使者的自控度或是因双宾格限制,「から」格则是为了避免歧义。日语被使者的编码机制反映了人类语言的普遍共性,即:被使者总是优先编码为宾格,其次是与格,最后是旁格。这三种编码模式的驱动因素依次为:一是句法驱动,二是句法或语义驱动,三是语义或语用驱动。在个体语言中具体的句法、语义、语用条件又不尽相同,体现了语言的个性。

This paper analyses the distribution of Japanese causee markers“wo”,“ni”,“kara”and reveals the encoding mechanism.“wo”is used in preference and“ni”is used to highlight the control of the causee,or to follow the rule of the double object constraint.“kara”is used to eliminate the ambiguity.The mechanism in Japanese reflects the language universal of causee encoding.The causee tends to be encoded as an accusative.But because of the syntax or semantic restraint,it can be encoded as a dative.It can also be encoded as an oblique under the pragmatic influence.The language universal varies in individual languages,which reflects the language idiosyncrasy.