秸秆还田和地膜覆盖对土壤环境和水稻生长的影响

Effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil environment and rice growth

【目的】探究秸秆还田和地膜覆盖对土壤环境和水稻生长的影响。【方法】选用‘吉粳88’作为试验材料,设3组秸秆还田量梯度,在覆膜移栽和不覆膜移栽2种栽培模式下进行大田试验,测定土壤温度、土壤肥力和水稻生长性状等指标。【结果】5和10 cm深度的土壤温度在分蘖期受地膜影响较大,相同秸秆还田量条件下覆膜处理的土壤温度比不覆膜处理分别高出0.2~2.0℃和0.3~1.7℃。20%、40%和60%秸秆还田量条件下覆膜处理灌浆期的土壤全氮含量分别显著高出不覆膜处理0.28、0.26和0.14 g·kg^(-1),成熟期的土壤有机质含量分别显著高出不覆膜处理0.74、0.65和0.54 g·kg^(-1),分蘖末期的水稻分蘖数分别高于不覆膜处理9.1%、22.7%和17.4%,灌浆期的叶面积指数分别显著高于不覆膜处理19.1%、17.2%和22.6%,整个生育期的干物质积累量分别高于不覆膜处理4.5%、31.7%和16.5%,实际产量分别高于不覆膜处理7.3%、15.2%和8.5%。【结论】秸秆还田和地膜覆盖能够提高土壤温度,增加土壤有机质和全氮含量、水稻分蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量及水稻产量。在地膜覆盖条件下,40%秸秆还田量在提高土壤温度、土壤肥力及促进水稻生长方面表现最优。

【Objective】To investigate the effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on soil environment and rice growth.【Method】‘Jijing 88’was selected as test material.The field experiments were conducted under three groups of straw returning amount and two kinds of cultivation mode(transplanting with plastic film mulching and transplanting without plastic film mulching)to measure soil temperatures,soil fertilities and rice growth traits.【Result】The soil temperatures at 5 and 10 cm depths were significantly affected by plastic film at tillering stage.The soil temperatures of the treatments with plastic film mulching increased 0.2~2.0℃(5 cm depth)and 0.3~1.7℃(10 cm depth)respectively at the same straw returning amount.Compared with the treatments without plastic film mulching,the total nitrogen contents of soil at 20%,40%and 60%straw returning amounts significantly increased 0.28,0.26,0.14 g·kg^–1 respectively at filling stage,the organic matter contents significantly increased 0.74,0.65,0.54 g·kg^–1 respectively at mature stage,the tillering numbers increased 9.1%,22.7%,17.4%respectively at late tillering stage,the leaf area indexes significantly increased 19.1%,17.2%,22.6%respectively at filling stage,the total accumulations of dry matter increased 4.5%,31.7%,16.5%respectively,while the actual yields increased 7.3%,15.2%,8.5%respectively in the whole growth period.【Conclusion】Straw returning and plastic film mulching can increase soil temperature,soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents,tillering number,leaf area index and dry matter accumulation.Soil temperature,soil fertility and rice growth perform best while straw returning amount is 40%.