国外土地冲突的比较分析:样态特征与治理启示

A Comparative Analysis of Land Conflicts in Foreign Countries:Patterns and Implications of Governance

土地冲突是世界各国在转型中必将遭遇的重大挑战,但其在各国间的表现形式又有很大差异。通过对国外土地冲突研究的梳理发现,发达国家在工业化早期的土地冲突表现为土地所有制改造中对贫农和原住民的强制剥削,成熟稳定后则表现为土地开发中公私利益的张力和地利共享与利益补偿的价值追求差异;亚非拉发展中国家的土地冲突表现为后殖民时代地权垄断格局下无地农民的反抗和地权流转过程中权力和资本对小农利益的侵害。在不同的发展经验背景下,国外土地冲突治理产生了"市场主义"和"国家主义"的价值取向。越来越多的学者意识到土地冲突的诱发因素是多样的,基于"国家-市场"地权二元化改革路径通常失效。中国农村土地冲突与国外土地冲突既有相似又有很大不同,应走出地权改革的"国家-市场"二元化困境。

Land conflict is a major challenge faced by the countries around the world in the transitional process.However,in different countries,the forms of land conflicts are quite different.Through the study of foreign land conflicts,this paper finds that the developed countries have manifested the forced exploitation of the poor peasants and the aborigines in the land ownership reform in the early stage of industrialization.After it becomes mature and stable,the developed countries showed the tension and geographical sharing of public and private interests in land development.Asian and African countries have manifested the resistance from landless peasants in the land conflict in the post-colonial era under land rights monopoly pattern and the capital and power infringement on small farmers in the process of land rights transfer.Under the background of different development experiences,foreign land conflict governance has produced the value orientation of“marketism”and“nationalism”,but more and more scholars realize that the factors of land conflict are diverse,and“state-market”dual land reform path is usually ineffective.China’s rural land conflicts and foreign land conflicts are both similar and different,so China should try hard to be out of the reform of land“state-market”dual dilemma.