由《鄘风·相鼠》第二章看儒家“礼”的观念

Comprehension of the Confucian Concept "Li" in the Light of "Yong Feng Xiang Shu"

礼教是儒家独有的政治教化方式,其通过扩充人的本然善端,规范人的身心活动,从而实现儒家的政治秩序构想。礼教的实现有赖于礼的观念的支撑,对礼的观念的研究可以从分析《诗经》中以"礼"为主题的诗歌入手。《相鼠》是《诗经》中刺君主无礼的作品,其从现实批判出发,通过讽刺君主无仪、无耻、无体,揭示了"礼"的三个维度的要求。《相鼠》第二章承上启下,通过组合"齿—止—俟"三个核心词语,暗示了"礼"的心灵根基、"礼"于人而言心行无间的特点以及"礼"对人道德价值的成就。《相鼠》第二章打通了"礼"的三个层面,较为完整地展现出了儒家立足于"耻",由"耻"及"止(于礼)",由"止(于礼)"及确立人道德价值的"礼"的观念体系,较好地展现出了儒家"礼"的实现机制。

Etiquette and music teaching is the unique method for Confucian political indoctrination.Etiquette and music teaching distinguishes the punishment-governance which is external and pretentious,regulates people's physical and mental activities through the expansion of kindness that roots in people's hearts,finally helps achieve the Confucian idea of political order.The accomplishment of etiquette and music teaching depends on the support of the idea"Li".The research on the idea can be started by analyzing the poem with the theme of"Li"in The Book of Songs.Xiangshu is a satire on an impertinent monarch in The Book of Songs.Begins with realistic criticism,the poem reveals three dimensions of"Li"by satirizing the monarch's ignorance,shamelessness,and lack of human essence,that is,the requirements for appearance,the echoes of inner shame,and the requirements for decent performance.The second chapter of Xiangshu continues the first chapter's hints about the appearance requirements and followed by the third chapter's hints about the performance requirements.By combining the three core words"teeth-Zhi-Si"together,the second chapter implies the spiritual foundation of"Li",the mind-body connection of"Li"as well as people's moral values achieved by"Li".By opening up the three dimensions of"Li",the second chapter demonstrates fully on the Confucian conceptual system that not only based on inner shame,but also stops at etiquette and even realizes human moral values.The second chapter well manifests the mechanism of"Li"'s realization.