分享经济监管:自治、效率和价值

Regulating the Sharing Economy: Self-Governance, Efficiency & Values

在世界范围内,创建大规模的多用户网络以及影响个体分享、消费、工作、交流的数字平台正在兴起。本文主要讨论如何监管分享经济,分析了诸如Uber和Airbnb等平台根据科斯定理在交易前、交易中和交易后三个阶段有潜力降低包括调研成本、交涉和决策成本、监控和执行成本等在内的交易成本。依赖于算法匹配定价与聚集用户数据的平台,包括评级和评论,可以随着时间推移显示出在降低交易成本和消费者信任以及满意度等方面的优势。同时本文描述了数字平台所采用的商业模式可能存在的潜在风险,包括对隐私、平等以及动态竞争的挑战。就共享经济公司而言,从区划到许可审批、雇员保护和消费者安全等方面也对监管提出不同挑战,监管机构必须考虑平台所面临的机遇以及因平台创新而使某些传统规定变得冗余的可能性。本文旨在帮助监管者和政策制定者考量如何规制共享经济平台。

Around the world,digital platforms that create large scale multi-sided user networks and disrupt the ways individuals share,consume,work,and communicate are on the rise.This chapter,presented in the CASS conference about regulating the sharing economy analyzes the ways in which platforms such as Uber and Airbnb have the potential to lower transaction costs at all three stages of the Coasean deal:pre-deal,deal-making,and post-deal,1)search costs;2)bargaining and decision costs;and 3)policing and enforcement costs.Each stage depends on enhanced information and optimal matching to reduce costs.The article suggest that platforms,relying on algorithmic matching and pricing and aggregating user data,including ratings and reviews,over time,can offer advantages in lessening transactions costs and increasing consumer trust and satisfaction.At the same time,the article describes potential risks that may be present in the business models adopted by digital platforms,including challenges to privacy,equality and dynamic competition.With examples from dominant sharing economy companies and considering various regulatory challenges ranging from zoning to permitting and licensing to employment protection and consumer safety.The article then suggests that regulators must consider the opportunities that come from the platform delivery as well as the possibility that certain traditional regulations become redundant by platform innovations and aims to help regulators and policymakers considering the regulation of sharing economy platforms.