高考改革40年的经验和教训:历史与比较分析

The Experience and Lessons of China's College Entrance Examination Reform in the Past 40 Years:A Historical and Comparative Analysis

从新中国高考变革历史与国际比较两个维度看,我国40年的高考改革形成了自己独特的经验,也存在值得记取与突破的教训。在功能定位上,重视发挥高考的"指挥棒"作用,以考试内容与录取方式的选择变化推动教育教学变化。在目标定位上,重视筛选胜任高等教育的关键能力,以考试立意改革促进合格人才培养,以考试科目改革助力综合发展,以考试内容改革服务人才发展需求,以录取原则改革配合人才选拔;但是,需要克服高考操作技术的"知识中心"倾向和全面发展的能力化取向,解决多元化综合评价的社会接受性低问题。在价值定位上,努力平衡效率与公平,既重视高考的效率,也追求高考的社会公平性;但是,高考改革需要避免考出个性的陷阱,重视追求效率的国际趋势,降低教学改革的难度,保障选考的社会意义,克服多次考试的博弈复杂性。在技术定位上,系统性分离考试与招生录取,既稳步推进考招分离,又逐步扩大高校选拔新生的权能;但是,考招分离改革需要变革现代性的高校组织,注意我国人文环境的约束,加大招生环节的改革力度,提高招生面试技术与社会的公平性。

From the perspective of historical and comparative analysis of the experience and lessons of the reform of the college entrance examination,the reform of college entrance examination in China has formed its own unique experience.There are also lessons to be learned and remembered.In the function orientation,the"baton"function of the college entrance examination should be paid attention to rationally and effectively,and the change of education and teaching would be promoted by the selection of examination content and admission mode.In the objective orientation,attention should be paid to the selection of the key competence of higher education students and to the reform of examination purpose,subject,content and the principle of admission to cultivate and select qualified students.However,it is necessary to overcome the tendency of"knowledge center"and and the overall development tendency of competence orientation,and to overcome the low social acceptability of comprehensive evaluation.In terms of value orientation,we should strive to balance efficiency and fairness,pay attention to the efficiency of the college entrance examination,and pursue the social fairness of the college entrance examination.However,we need to avoid the trap of prioritizing the characteristics,attach great importance to the international trend of efficiency,reduce difficulty of reform,safeguard social effect and overcome the game complexity of multiple examinations.In technical sense,we may adopt a systematic separation of examinations and admission to gradually increase the colleges power of selection of students.But we still should establish a modern university organization,pay attention to the environmental constraints,intensify the reform of enrollment procedures,and improve the fairness of the enrollment interview.