英国国家公园风景特质评价体系及其启示

Review and Enlightenment of the British National Park Landscape Character Assessment System

英国国家公园作为世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)保护地分类的第五类,即陆地风景和海洋风景保护区(Protected Landscape/Seascape),强调风景随时间和历史沉积而变化,是人与自然相互作用的结果,在资源本底条件、始建目标和人地动态关联等方面与中国国家风景名胜区具有相似性。回顾了英国国家公园的由来和特点;总结了2002—2017年间英国15个国家公园的风景特质评价(Landscape Character Assessment,LCA)操作阶段(客观分类和特质分类)和操作方法(风景描述单元法、地景地图法和综合评价法),以及该体系在英国国家公园规划和管护中的作用;论述了英国国家公园风景特质评价体系的整体全面性、灵活多样性,以及作为规划政策依据的优点。通过对比风景名胜区风景资源评价和国家公园风景特质评价的过程性差异,提出了风景名胜区风景特质评价操作方法和风景特质类型分类建议。

British national park is classified as Category V by IUCN,namely Protected Landscape/Seascape,stressing landscape change influenced by both nature and human.It is similar to Chinese scenic and historic area from the landscape resource characteristics,the objective of establishment,and the relationship between human and nature.In this paper,all the 15 British national parks have done landscape character assessments at different detail levels via their distinctive methods since 2002 to 2017,not only indicating landscape identity and deciphering landscape values,but also promoting spatial planning at the landscape scale.This research firstly introduces the evolution of British national park,secondly analyzes three landscape character assessment(LCA)approaches for British national parks referring to LUD in the objective classification phase and LANDMAP/CA in the characterising phase,and then summarizes the advantages of LCA in managing and conserving national parks.Finally,the authors compare the differences between Chinese landscape resources evaluation approach and British landscape character assessment,and explore how to establish landscape character assessment system and classify landscape character types within the Chinese context.