反启蒙运动的两种研究范式——反启蒙思想与反哲学运动

Two Paradigms for Studies of the Resistance to the Enlightenment: The Counter-Enlightenment and L'antiphilosophie

过去半个世纪中,思想史研究的一个趋势是重新认识和阐释对启蒙运动的抵制现象。基于研究方法和研究对象的不同,反启蒙运动研究形成了两种范式。"反启蒙思想",是对启蒙思想的对立面的思辨研究,依据传世经典,开展文本分析、抽象推理,对一些主要思想家进行阐释。这种研究范式的代表人物是以赛亚·伯林。"反哲学运动",则遵循思想观念的社会史的研究范式,将反对启蒙思想家的人及其活动置于18世纪复杂的社会现实之中,发现思想在社会中生产、传播、被接受、被拒绝的方式和引起的反响。"反启蒙运动"这个概念已经成为一个非常方便的理论装备,但它也很容易误导研究者,将他们引入一个截然对立的幻象之中。

One trend in the research of the history of ideas over the course of the past half of the century has been the recognition and reevaluation of the resistance to the Enlightenment.In reviewing of research methods and objects,we can identify two dominant paradigms for Counter-Enlightenment Studies.The study of the Counter-Enlightenment thought(les anti-Lumières)pays attention to the multiple strains of thoughts in opposition to the Enlightenment.Its main method prioritizes text analysis and examination of abstract ideas from important thinkers,and Isaiah Berlin is its leading proponent.By contrast,l antiphilosophie prefers to situate philosophes opponents and their activities in the complex context of eighteenth-century society.In doing so,they discover the means by which ideas were being produced,diffused,received,and rejected in society.The concept of“the Counter-Enlightenment”has come to serve as a convenient theoretical tool for researchers.Yet,it could also become misleading especially when the reader mistakenly regards it as a diametrical opposition to the Enlightenment movement.