禁山后国家缘何上山:明代荆襄流民的治理史

Re-Entering the Forbidden Mountains:The Governance History of Jingxiang Refugees in the Ming Dynasty

明代中期,荆襄遭遇流民的大规模爆发。逃入荆襄的流民,通过发展与山地环境相亲和的生计手段、居住方式、山地作物,调整与国家的距离,再生产属于他们的"乐土"。在反叛—军事征服之后,国家治理体系"爬"上山,从人口在籍化、再农耕化、定居化、教化等方面督促着不受国家治理体系约束的流民转化为定居的齐民。由此,荆襄五百余平方千米的空间经历了由"统而不治"到"治理"上山,进而从"无"文明到"山地文明"再到"国家文明"上山的历史,这一过程体现了国家建设的垂直维度。

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the Jingxiang forbidden mountains policy led to a large-scale explosion of the refugees.The refugees recreated their“Paradise”by adjusting their living styles and growing patterns to develop along with natural environment.However,after the military conquest of the rebellion,the governments naturalized,resettled and taught the refugees to become residents called“Qimin”.Thus,there was experience from“reigning but no governing”to“governing”,and then from“having no civilization”to“mountain civilization”and then the“national civilization”in the space of 500 square kilometers of the mountains.It demonstrated the vertical governance of state-building.