泛索马里主义的历史渊源与流变——兼论泛索马里主义与恐怖主义的关系

An Analysis on the Origins and Development of Pan-Somalism as well as the Relationship between Pan-Somalism and Terrorism

索马里人共同的生活方式、语言、文化信仰,殖民瓜分对索马里人的冲击,反殖民主义斗争对内部认同的强化共同孕育了泛索马里主义。1948—1960年,泛索马里主义主要以反欧洲殖民主义为旗号,诉求是初步建立一个局部统一的索马里人独立国家。1960—1969年,它又以反"邻国殖民主义"为旗号,试图同时达成内部整合与外部扩张的双重目标。1969—1978年,泛索马里主义被嫁接到"科学社会主义"之中。1978—1991年,泛索马里主义回归到氏族主义层面,重新建构自身的理念与实践基础。1991—2012年,泛索马里主义借助伊斯兰主义的力量,试图以共同的宗教调和各氏族间的差异,通过常规武装斗争消除索马里人的内在分裂。2012年以来,泛索马里主义与恐怖主义相关联,试图以非常规恐怖袭击为手段达成所谓"大索马里伊斯兰国"的目标。对象都经历了复杂的历史嬗变。泛索马里主义既有民族主义的表征,又展现出反民族主义的跨地区文化主义特性,甚至与恐怖主义也产生了联系。不过,泛索马里主义与恐怖主义只是一种相互借势、各取所需的关系,前者有其文化合理性因素。

Pan-Somalism was bred by the common lifestyle,language,and cultural belief of the Somalis.It was also bred by the impact of colonization and the reinforcement of a common internal identity during the period of anti-colonial struggles.From 1948 to 1960,in the midst of anti-European colonialism movements and party-politics,the final goal of Pan-Somalism is established to achieve a unified and independent Somalia.From 1960 to 1969,in the name of anti-neighboring colonialism supported by the government,Pan-Somalism strived to reach the dual goals of internal integration and external expansion.From 1969 to 1978,due to the combination of Pan-Somalism and“scientific socialism,”the Siad Barre Regime accordingly sought to build a greater Somalia by introducing the power of the USSR.From 1978 to 1991,Pan-Somalism came back to Clanism,seeking to reconstruct its own ideas and practices as well as fighting against the Siad Barre Regime.From 1991 to 2012,Pan-Somalism,by supporting Islamism,attempted to meditate the differences between each clan with the same religion and to eliminate the internal division of Somalis by armed confrontations.Since 2012,Pan-Somalism has been associated with terrorism in order to achieve the goal of establishing an Islamic State based on Sharia law in the Greater Somalia through terrorist attacks.Pan-Somalism shows the feature of nationalism,yet at the same time it also shows the feature of trans-regional culturalism,which goes against nationalism.It even associated itself with terrorism.However,Pan-Somalism and terrorism are only making use of each other because the former has its own cultural rationality.